UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 20-F

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

Commission File No.:  001-38370

CollPlant Holdings Ltd.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Translation of registrant’s name into English: Not applicable

Yehiel Tal

Chief Executive Officer

+972 73 232 5600

Yehiel@CollPlant.com

4 Oppenheimer, Weizmann Science Park

Rehovot 7670104 , Israel

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

* Not for trading, but only in connection with the registration of the American Depositary Shares pursuant to requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of December 31, 2018: 190,735,668 ordinary shares.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐                   No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes ☐                   No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒                   No ☐ 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months.

Yes ☒                   No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company.

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing.

U.S. GAAP ☐

International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☒

Other ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

☐ Item 17              ☐ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company.

Yes ☐                   No ☒

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

INTRODUCTION

We are a regenerative medicine company focused on developing and commercializing tissue repair products, initially for 3D-bio printing of tissues and organs, dermal fillers for aesthetics, orthobiologics, and advanced wound care markets. Our products are based on our recombinant type I human collagen, or rhCollagen, a form of human collagen produced with our proprietary plant based genetic engineering technology.

On January 31, 2018, our American Depositary Shares, or ADSs, each representing fifty of our ordinary shares commenced trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbols “CLGN”. Our ADSs were quoted on the OTCQX from March 2015 to May 25, 2017, and, prior to listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market, quoted on the OTCQB from May 26, 2017 to January 30, 2018. We delisted our ordinary shares from the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange or TASE, and the last date of trading of our ordinary shares was on October 29, 2018.

Unless the context requires otherwise, the terms “CollPlant,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company,” and similar designations refer to CollPlant Holdings Ltd. and its wholly owned subsidiary CollPlant Ltd. References to “ordinary shares”, “ADSs”, “warrants” and “share capital” refer to the ordinary shares, ADSs, warrants and share capital, respectively, of CollPlant.

References to “U.S. dollars” and “$” are to currency of the United States of America, and references to “NIS” are to New Israeli Shekels. References to “ordinary shares” are to our ordinary shares, par value NIS 0.03 per share. We report financial information under International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, or IASB, and none of the financial statements were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States.

Unless otherwise indicated, U.S. dollar translations of NIS amounts presented in this annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended on December 31, 2018 are translated using the rate of NIS 3.748 to $1.00, the exchange rate reported by the Bank of Israel on December 31, 2018, U.S. dollar translations of NIS amounts presented in this annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended on December 31, 2017 are translated using the rate of NIS 3.467 to $1.00, the exchange rate reported by the Bank of Israel on December 31, 2017, and U.S. dollar translations of NIS amounts presented in this annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended on December 31, 2016 are translated using the rate of NIS 3.845 to $1.00, the exchange rate reported by the Bank of Israel on December 31, 2016.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain information included or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 20-F may be deemed to be “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and other securities laws. Forward-looking statements are often characterized by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “continue,” “believe,” “should,” “intend,” “project” or other similar words, but are not the only way these statements are identified.

These forward-looking statements may include, but are not limited to, statements relating to our objectives, plans and strategies, statements that contain projections of results of operations or of financial condition, expected capital needs and expenses, statements relating to the research, development, completion and use of our products, and all statements (other than statements of historical facts) that address activities, events or developments that we intend, expect, project, believe or anticipate will or may occur in the future.

Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties. We have based these forward-looking statements on assumptions and assessments made by our management in light of their experience and their perception of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments and other factors they believe to be appropriate.

Important factors that could cause actual results, developments and business decisions to differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements include, among other things:

Readers are urged to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made throughout this Annual Report on Form 20-F which are designed to advise interested parties of the risks and factors that may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

You should not put undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statements in this annual report on Form 20-F are made as of the date hereof and are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements included in this Annual Report. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

In addition, the section of this Annual Report on Form 20-F entitled “Item 4. Information on the Company” contains information obtained from independent industry sources and other sources that we have not independently verified.

EXPLANATORY NOTE

Market data and certain industry data and forecasts used throughout this Annual Report on Form 20-F were obtained from internal company surveys, market research, consultant surveys commissioned by the Company, publicly available information, reports of governmental agencies and industry publications and surveys. Industry surveys, publications, consultant surveys commissioned by the Company and forecasts generally state that the information contained therein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. However, this information may prove to be inaccurate because of the method by which some of the data for the estimates is obtained or because this information cannot always be verified with complete certainty due to the limits on the availability and reliability of raw data, the voluntary nature of the data gathering process and other limitations and uncertainties. As a result, the market and industry data and forecasts included or incorporated by reference in this annual report, and estimates and beliefs based on that data, may not be reliable. We have relied on certain data from third-party sources, including internal surveys, industry forecasts and market research, which we believe to be reliable based on our management’s knowledge of the industry. However, we have not ascertained the underlying economic assumptions relied upon therein. Forecasts are particularly likely to be inaccurate, especially over long periods of time. In addition, we do not necessarily know what assumptions regarding general economic growth were used in preparing the forecasts we cite. Statements as to our market position are based to the best of our knowledge on the most currently available data. While we are not aware of any misstatements regarding the industry data presented in this annual report, our estimates involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report. 

Statements made in this Annual Report on Form 20-F concerning the contents of any agreement, contract or other document are summaries of such agreements, contracts or documents and are not a complete description of all of their terms. If we filed any of these agreements, contracts or documents as exhibits to this Report or to any previous filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, you may read the document itself for a complete understanding of its terms.

PART I

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

The following table sets forth our selected consolidated financial data for the periods ended and as of the dates indicated. The following selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with the financial information, “Item 5. Operational and Financial Review and Prospects” and other information provided elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F and our consolidated financial statements and related notes. The selected consolidated financial data in this section is not intended to replace the consolidated financial statements and is qualified in its entirety thereby.

The selected consolidated statement of comprehensive loss data for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, and the selected consolidated statement of financial position data as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F. The selected consolidated statement of financial position data as of December 31, 2016 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not included in this Annual Report.

Statement of comprehensive loss data

Statement of financial position data

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with all of the other information in this Annual Report on Form 20-F. The risks and uncertainties described below are those significant risk factors, currently known and specific to us, that we believe are relevant to an investment in our securities. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we now deem immaterial may also harm us. If any of these risks materialize our business, results of operations or financial condition could suffer, and the price of the ADSs could decline substantially.

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Capital Requirements

We have incurred significant losses since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future.

We are a regenerative medicine company. We have incurred losses in each year since our inception in 2004, including total comprehensive loss of NIS 13.9 million ($3.7 million), NIS 20.9 million ($6.0 million), and NIS 27.9 million ($7.3 million) for the years ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, we had an accumulated deficit of NIS 184.7 million ($49.3 million).

We have devoted most of our financial resources to research and development, including our clinical and preclinical development activities. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through the sale of equity securities, grants from government authorities and proceeds from strategic collaborators. The amount of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of our future expenditures. If and when we obtain regulatory approval to market any of our products, our future revenues will depend upon the size of any markets in which our products have received approval, and our ability to achieve sufficient market acceptance, reimbursement from third-party payors and adequate market share for our products in those markets.

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if and as we:

The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year, such that a period-to-period comparison of our results of operations may not be a good indication of our future performance. In any particular quarter or quarters, our operating results could be below the expectations of securities analysts or investors, which could cause our share price to decline.

Our recurring operating losses, negative cash flows and current cash position have raised substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.

We have an accumulated deficit as of December 31, 2018, as well as a history of net losses and negative operating cash flows in recent years. We expect to continue incurring losses and negative cash flows from operations until our products (primarily BioInk) reach commercial profitability. As a result of these expected losses and negative cash flows from operations, along with our current cash position, we do not have sufficient cash to meet our liquidity requirements for the following twelve months. Consequently, there is substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. As a result, our independent registered public accounting firm included a “going concern” explanatory paragraph in its report on our financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018 with respect to this uncertainty. Our ability to continue as a going concern will require us to obtain additional financing to fund our operations. The perception of our ability to continue as a going concern may make it more difficult for us to obtain financing or obtain financing on favorable terms for the continuation of our operations and could result in the loss of confidence by investors, suppliers and employees. If we are not successful in raising capital through equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, licensing arrangements or any other means or are not successful in reducing our expenses, we may exhaust our cash resources and will be unable to continue our operations. If we cannot continue as a viable entity, our shareholders would likely lose most or all of their investment in us. 

We will need to raise additional funding, which may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Failure to obtain additional capital when needed may force us to delay, limit, or terminate our product development efforts or other operations.

We are conducting clinical and preclinical development of our products and we intend to continue advancing their development. Developing medical products is expensive, and we expect our research and development expenses to continue to be a material part of our expenses, and may increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we advance our products in clinical trials.

As of December 31, 2018, our cash and cash equivalents were $5.4 million. We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the first quarter of 2020. However, our operating plan may change as a result of many factors currently unknown to us, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned, through public or private equity or debt financings, government or other third-party funding, marketing and distribution arrangements, and other collaborations, strategic alliances, and licensing arrangements, or a combination of these approaches. We will require additional capital to obtain U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, approval and commercialize any product that receives regulatory approval. Even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans, we may seek additional capital if market conditions are favorable or if we have specific strategic considerations.

Any additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may compromise our ability to develop and commercialize our products. In addition, we cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Moreover, the terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our shareholders, and the issuance of additional securities, whether equity or debt, by us, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of our ordinary shares or ADSs to decline. The sale of additional equity or convertible securities would dilute all of our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed payment obligations, and we may be required to agree to certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell, or license intellectual property rights, and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. We could also be required to seek funds through arrangements with collaborative partners or otherwise at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable, and we may be required to relinquish rights to some of our technologies or products or otherwise agree to terms unfavorable to us.

If we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis, we may be required to significantly curtail, delay, or discontinue one or more of our research or development programs or the commercialization of any products, and we may be unable to expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities, as desired.

We have received and may continue to receive Israeli governmental grants to assist in the funding of our research and development activities. If we lose our funding from these research and development grants, we may encounter difficulties in the funding of future research and development projects and implementing technological improvements, which would harm our operating results.

Through December 31, 2018 we had received an aggregate of $10.0 million in the form of grants from the Israel Innovation Authority, or the IIA (formerly known as the Office of the Chief Scientist of the Ministry of Economy and Industry, or the OCS). The requirements and restrictions for such grants are found in the Encouragement of Research, Development and Technological Innovation in the Industry Law 5744 1984 (formerly known as the Law for the Encouragement of Research and Development in Industry 5744 1984), or the Innovation Law, and the IIA’s rules and guidelines. Under the IIA’s rules and guidelines, royalties of 3% to 6% on the income generated from sales of products and related services developed in whole or in part under IIA programs are payable to the IIA (depending on the type of the Recipient Company—i.e., whether it is a “Small Company”, a “Large Company” or a “Traditional Industrial Company” as such terms are defined in the IIA’s rules and guidelines), up to the total amount of grants received, including annual interest, all as detailed in the IIA’s rules and guidelines.

We developed our platform technologies, at least in part, with funds from these grants, and accordingly we are obligated to pay these royalties on sales of any of our current products that achieve regulatory approval. In addition, the Government of Israel may from time to time audit sales of products which it claims incorporate technology funded via the IIA programs and this may lead to additional royalties being payable on additional products. As of December 31, 2018, the maximum royalty amount that would be payable by us, excluding interest, is $8.5 million. As of December 31, 2018, we paid to the IIA $1.2 million in royalties and payments against the approval to use outside the state of Israel in regards to the License, Development and Commercialization Agreement, or the United License Agreement, entered into by CollPlant Ltd., or CollPlant, our wholly-owned subsidiary. For the year ended December 31, 2018, we received grants totaling $589,000 from the IIA. The grants represented 14% of our gross research and development expenditures for the year ended December 31, 2018. Following the full payment of such royalties and interest, there is generally no further liability for royalty payments; however, other restrictions under the IIA’s rules and guidelines, described below under “Risk Factors—The IIA grants we have received for research and development expenditures restrict our ability to manufacture products and transfer know-how outside of Israel and require us to satisfy specified conditions”, will continue to apply even after we have repaid the full amount of royalties on the grants.

These grants have funded some of our personnel, development activities with subcontractors, and other research and development costs and expenses. However, if these grants are not funded in their entirety or if new grants are not awarded in the future, due to, for example, IIA budget constraints or governmental policy decisions, our ability to fund future research and development and implement technological improvements would be impaired, which would negatively impact our ability to develop our products.

The IIA grants we have received for research and development expenditures restrict our ability to manufacture products and transfer IIA funded know-how outside of Israel and require us to satisfy specified conditions.

Our research and development efforts have been financed, in part, through the grants that we have received from the IIA. We, therefore, must comply with the requirements of the Innovation Law and the IIA’s rules and guidelines.

Under the Innovation Law and the IIA’s rules and guidelines, we are generally prohibited from manufacturing products developed under the IIA’s funding outside of the State of Israel without the prior approval of the IIA (such approval is not required for the transfer of less than 10% of the manufacturing capacity in the aggregate, but a mere notification). We may not receive the required approvals for any proposed transfer of manufacturing activities. In general, in addition to the requirement of obtaining approval to manufacture products developed with IIA grants outside of Israel, the royalty repayment rate would increase and we would be required to pay increased royalties, between 120% and 300% of the grants plus annual interest, depending on the manufacturing volume that is performed outside of Israel. This restriction may impair our ability to outsource manufacturing rights abroad.

A company also has the option of declaring in its IIA grant application its intent to exercise a portion of the manufacturing capacity abroad, thus avoiding the need to obtain additional approval following the receipt of the grant.

Additionally, under the Innovation Law and the IIA’s rules and guidelines, we are prohibited from transferring the IIA’s funded know-how and related intellectual property rights outside of the State of Israel, except under limited circumstances and only with the approval of the IIA’s committee. We may not receive the required approvals for any proposed transfer, and even if we receive the required approvals, we may be required to pay the IIA a redemption fee up to a maximum of 600% of the grant amounts plus interest, depending upon the value of the transferred know-how, our research and development expenses, the amount of the IIA’s support, the time of completion of the IIA supported research project and other factors.

A transfer of IIA’s funded know-how to an Israeli company also requires the approval of the IIA’s committee, but will not subject the Company to a payment of a redemption fee (we note that there will be an obligation to pay royalties to the IIA from the income of such sale transaction as part of the royalty payment obligation), and approval may only be granted if the recipient abides by the provisions of applicable laws, including the restrictions on the transfer of know-how and the manufacturing rights outside of Israel and the obligation to pay royalties. No assurance can be given that approval to any such transfer, if requested, will be granted.

Recently, the IIA has published new rules and guidelines with respect to the grant of the right to use know-how that was developed using the IIA’s grants to a foreign entity. According to these rules, the grant of a right to a foreign entity to use the IIA’s funded know-how (without entirely expropriating from the IIA-funded company the possibility of using the IIA’s funded know-how) is subject to receipt of the IIA’s prior approval. This approval is subject to payment to the IIA in accordance with the formulas stipulated in these rules.

These restrictions may impair our ability to sell our technology assets or to perform or outsource manufacturing outside of Israel, or otherwise transfer our know-how outside of Israel. These restrictions may also require us to obtain the approval of the IIA for certain actions and transactions and pay additional royalties and other amounts to the IIA. Furthermore, the consideration available to our shareholders in a transaction involving the transfer outside of Israel of know-how developed with IIA funding (such as a merger or similar transaction) may be reduced by any amounts that we are required to pay to the IIA.

If we fail to comply with the requirements of the Innovation Law, we may be required to refund certain grants previously received along with interest and penalties, and we may become subject to criminal proceedings.

In August 2015, a new amendment to the Innovation Law was enacted, or Amendment No. 7, which came into effect on January 1, 2016. Under Amendment No. 7, the IIA has assumed oversight of activity previously subject to OCS’ responsibility. The IIA was granted wide freedom of action, and among other things, the IIA has the authority to amend the requirements and restrictions which were specified in the Innovation Law before Amendment No. 7 came into effect with respect to the ownership of IIA’s funded know-how (including with respect to the restrictions on transfer of the IIA’s funded know-how and manufacturing activities outside of Israel), as well as with respect to royalty payment obligations which apply to companies that receive grants from the IIA. Amendment No. 7 also includes new provisions with respect to sanctions imposed for violations of the Innovation Law. Although the IIA recently published rules which for the most part adopted the principal provisions and restrictions specified in the Innovation Law prior to the effectiveness of Amendment No. 7, as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 20-F, we are unable to assess the effect of any future rules which may be published by the IIA on our business.

We may not be able to correctly estimate or control our future operating expenses, which could lead to cash shortfalls.

Our operating expenses may fluctuate significantly in the future for various reasons, many of which are outside of our control. These reasons may include:

It is difficult to forecast our future performance, which may cause our financial results to fluctuate unpredictably.

Because we do not yet have an established commercial operating history, and because the market for our products may rapidly evolve, it is hard for us to predict our future performance. A number of factors, many of which are outside of our control, may contribute to fluctuations in our financial results assuming that we receive marketing authorizations and begin selling our products. These factors may include variations in:

There are uncertainties and risks relating to the Alpha, Meitav Dash and Ami Sagy transactions.

In 2017, we entered into securities purchase agreements with Alpha, Meitav Dash and Ami Sagy providing for up to $7.4 million of financing. The foregoing purchase agreements contain certain covenants that may impact our ability to raise funds in the future, including without limitation, restrictions on future issuances of securities, pre-emption rights and full-ratchet anti-dilution protection.

In addition, the staff of the Israel Securities Authority, or ISA, has informed us that the financings of Meitav Dash and Ami Sagy should be viewed as constituting a single transaction under the provisions of section 270(5)(b)(3) of the Israeli Companies Law, 5759-1999, or the Companies Law. This position is based on several arguments, including the identical price in these financings, their proximity in timing, the similar structure of the financings, including their dates of completion as well as the conditioning of the second closing of Meitav Dash upon the raising of NIS 3.7 million by us, which is an identical amount to the consideration paid by Ami Sagy, and the disclosure with respect to which was published one business day following the disclosure of the Meitav Dash financing. In addition, the Israel Securities Authority, or the ISA, informed us that the Meitav Dash and Ami Sagy financings should be submitted for approval at a general meeting of shareholders as required by Section 270(5) of the Companies Law, since it cannot be determined that the terms of these financings have been set at market terms, considering, among other things, the discount rate embedded in these financings, which was set at 27%-33%. Their position is based on the fact that in our case, there is difficulty in determining market terms which derives, according to the ISA’s position, from the differences in the prevalent discount rates of companies with similar characteristics as us. The differences include the terms of issuance and certain adjustments, including protection for decrease in share price (full ratchet anti-dilution) and the calculation of the fair market value of the warrants. The ISA’s position is that such differences may have implications on the calculation of the discount rates in the Meitav Dash and Ami Sagy financings. Nevertheless, our board of directors believes that in the first place, the said financings should not be considered as a single transaction, and that even if they were viewed as a single transaction, they were entered into on market terms. Accordingly, we have proceeded to complete all closings under the Meitav Purchase Agreement and the Sagy Purchase Agreement without seeking shareholder approval. As a result of the position adopted by the ISA, there is a possibility of derivative claims and class action litigation being brought against us. Such litigation, if instituted, could result in the voiding of the transactions, incurrence of damages, substantial costs and diversion of management attention and resources. In addition, plaintiffs may seek to obtain an injunction prohibiting us from completing the remaining closings on the agreed upon terms, which could prevent the remaining closings from taking place, or from taking place within the expected timeframe. Any conclusion of these matters in a manner adverse to us could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Commercialization of Our Products

The commercial success of any current or future product, if approved, will depend upon the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors, pharma companies and others in the medical community.

Even if we obtain the requisite regulatory approvals, the commercial success of our products will depend in part on physicians, patients, third party payors, pharma companies and others in the medical community accepting our products as medically useful, cost-effective, and safe. Any product that we bring to the market may not gain market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors, and others in the medical community. If these products do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate significant product revenue and may not become profitable. The degree of market acceptance of these products, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including:

Even if a potential product displays a favorable safety and efficacy profile in clinical trials, market acceptance of the product will not be known until after it is launched. Our efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors on the benefits of the products may require significant resources and may never be successful. Such efforts to educate the marketplace may require more resources than are required by conventional technologies.

We have only limited clinical data to support VergenixFG and VergenixSTR, which may make physicians, patients, third-party payors, and others in the medical community reluctant to accept or purchase our products.

Physicians, patients, third party payors, and others in the medical community will only accept or purchase our products if they believe them to be safe and effective, with advantages over competing products or procedures. To date, we have collected only limited clinical data with which to assess the clinical and economic value of VergenixFG and VergenixSTR. The collection of clinical and economic data and the process of generating peer review publications in support of our product and procedure is an ongoing focus for us. If future publications of clinical studies indicate that procedures using the VergenixFG and VergenixSTR are less safe or less effective than competing products or procedures, patients may choose not to undergo our procedure, and physicians or others in the medical community may choose not to use our products. Furthermore, unsatisfactory patient outcomes or patient injury could cause negative publicity for our products, particularly in the early phases of product introduction.

We have limited experience in producing our core components and products, and if we are unable to manufacture our core components and products in high-quality commercial quantities successfully and consistently to meet demand, our growth will be limited.

We have experience manufacturing only limited quantities of rhCollagen, the recombinant human type I collagen used in our products. Our manufacturing capabilities will need to be further improved to meet the standard requirements for future clinical studies and for commercialization of our products. To manufacture our rhCollagen in quantities that we believe will be sufficient to produce our end products and meet anticipated market demand, we will need to increase manufacturing capacity, which will involve significant challenges. In addition, the development of commercial-scale, regulation-compliant manufacturing capabilities will require us to invest substantial additional funds and hire and retain the technical personnel who have the necessary manufacturing experience. We may not successfully complete any required increase to existing manufacturing processes in a timely manner, or at all. Our costs will be higher, and our challenges greater, if we decide to develop internal manufacturing capabilities to produce our end products.

If there is a disruption to our internal manufacturing operations, we will have no other means of production for the components and products from such operations until we restore the affected facilities or develop alternative manufacturing facilities, which would delay our clinical trials or cause us to be unable to meet commercial demand for our products. In such case, we may need to arrange for third-party manufacturing of our components and products, which would be expensive and time consuming, assuming we can identify an appropriate third party manufacturer. Additionally, any damage to or destruction of our facilities or equipment may significantly impair our ability to manufacture our components and products on a timely basis.

If we are unable to produce our products in sufficient quantities to meet anticipated customer demand, our revenues, business, and financial prospects would be harmed. The lack of experience we have in producing commercial quantities of our components and products may also result in quality issues and product recalls. Any product recall could be expensive and generate negative publicity, which could impair our ability to market our products and further affect our results of operations. Manufacturing delays related to quality control could negatively impact our ability to bring our technologies to market, harm our reputation, and decrease our revenues.

If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell any of our products that obtain regulatory approval, we may be unable to generate any revenue.

We have limited experience in selling and marketing our products or any other products. To successfully commercialize our products we will need to develop these capabilities, either on our own or with others. We are seeking to enter into commercial alliances with third-party collaborators and distributors to utilize their marketing and distribution capabilities, but we may be unable to do so on favorable terms, if at all. If any future collaboration or distribution partners do not commit sufficient resources to commercialize our future products, and if we are unable to develop the necessary marketing capabilities on our own, we will be unable to generate sufficient product revenue to sustain our business. We will be competing with many companies that currently have extensive and well-funded marketing and sales operations. Without an internal team or the support of a third party to perform marketing and sales functions, we may be unable to compete successfully against these more established companies or successfully commercialize any of our products.

We face competition and rapid technological change and the possibility that our competitors may develop therapies or products that are more advanced or effective than ours, which could impair our ability to successfully commercialize our products.

We operate in the regenerative medicine field, which is rapidly changing. We have competitors both in the United States and internationally, including major multinational pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, medical technology companies, and universities and other research institutions.

Many of our potential competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and other resources, such as larger research and development staff and experienced marketing and manufacturing organizations. Competition may increase further as a result of advances in the commercial applicability of technologies and greater availability of capital for investment in these industries. Our potential competitors may succeed in developing, acquiring, or licensing on an exclusive basis, products that are more effective or less costly than any products that we may develop, or achieve earlier patent protection, regulatory approval, product commercialization, and market penetration than us. Additionally, technologies developed by others may render our potential products uneconomical or obsolete, and we may not be successful in marketing our products against competitors.

We are not aware of any competitors that produce collagen from plants or that produce recombinant type I human collagen. However, our collagen-based products will compete with alternative solutions; for example, our VergenixSTR product will compete with companies that sell platelet-rich plasma, or PRP, kits. Our VergenixFG product will compete with companies that produce and market animal collagen-based products and collagen products produced from skin donations.

A variety of risks associated with international operations could harm our business.

If any of our products are approved for commercialization, it is our current intention to market them on a regional or worldwide basis in the jurisdictions where they may be approved, either alone or in collaboration with third parties. In addition, we may conduct development activities in various jurisdictions throughout the world. We expect that we will be subject to additional risks related to engaging in international operations, including:

The insurance coverage and reimbursement status of newly approved products is uncertain. Failure to obtain or maintain adequate coverage and reimbursement for any of our products that are approved could limit our ability to market those products and compromise our ability to generate revenue.

The availability of reimbursement by governmental and private payors is essential for most patients to be able to afford expensive treatments. Sales of our products will depend substantially, both in Europe and in the United States, on the extent to which the costs of our products will be paid by health maintenance, managed care, pharmacy benefit, and similar healthcare management organizations, or reimbursed by government health administration authorities, private health coverage insurers, and other third-party payors. If reimbursement is not available, or is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our products. Even if we obtain coverage for our products, third-party payors may not establish adequate reimbursement amounts, which may reduce the demand for, or the price of, our products. If reimbursement is not available or is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to commercialize certain of our products.

Furthermore, publication of discounts by third-party payors or authorities may lead to further pressure on the prices or reimbursement levels within the country of publication and other countries. If reimbursement of our products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unacceptable levels, we or our partner may elect not to commercialize our products in such countries, and our business and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Promotion of off-label uses of our products by physicians could adversely affect our business.

Any regulatory approval of our products is limited to those specific indications for which our products have been deemed safe and effective by the regulatory authorities. In addition, any new indication for an approved product also requires regulatory approval. If we produce an approved product, we will rely on physicians to use and administer it as we have directed and for the indications described on the labeling. It is not, however, uncommon for physicians to use in unapproved, or “off-label,” uses or in a manner that is inconsistent with the manufacturer’s directions. To the extent such off-label uses and departures from our administration directions become pervasive and produce results such as reduced efficacy or other adverse effects, the reputation of our products in the marketplace may suffer. In addition, off-label uses may cause a decline in our revenue or potential revenue, to the extent that there is a difference between the prices of our product for different indications.

Furthermore, while physicians may choose to use our products for off-label uses, our ability to promote the products is limited to those indications that are specifically approved by the regulators. Although regulatory authorities generally do not regulate the behavior of physicians, they do restrict communications by companies with respect to off-label use. If our promotional activities fail to comply with these regulations or guidelines, we may be subject to warnings from, or enforcement action by, these authorities. In addition, failure to follow regulation authorities’ rules and guidelines relating to promotion and advertising can result in the regulation authorities’ refusal to approve a product, the suspension or withdrawal of an approved product from the market, product recalls, fines, disgorgement of money, operating restrictions, injunctions, or criminal prosecution.

Risks Related to the Clinical Development and Regulatory Approval of Our Products

We currently depend heavily on the future success of our rhCollagen-based biological ink, or BioInk, VergenixSTR, and VergenixFG. Any failure to successfully develop, obtain regulatory approval for, and commercialize these products, independently or in cooperation with a third party collaborator, or the experience of significant delays in doing so, would compromise our ability to generate revenue and become profitable.

We have invested a significant portion of our efforts and financial resources in the development of BioInk, VergenixSTR, and VergenixFG. Our ability to generate product revenue from our products depends heavily on the successful development, approval, and commercialization of our products, which, in turn, depend on several factors, including the following:

Our products are based on novel technology, which makes it difficult to predict the time and cost of product development and potential regulatory approval.

We have concentrated our product research and development efforts on our novel rhCollagen technology. The FDA has approved very few plant-expressed products. We may experience development challenges in the future related to our technology, which could cause significant delays or unanticipated costs, and we may not be able to solve such development challenges. We may also experience delays in developing a sustainable, reproducible, and scalable manufacturing process or transferring that process to commercial partners, if we decide to do so, which may prevent us from completing our clinical trials or commercializing our products on a timely or profitable basis, if at all.

In addition, the clinical trial requirements of European regulatory authorities, the FDA, and other regulatory authorities and the criteria these regulators use to determine the safety and efficacy of a product vary substantially according to the type, complexity, novelty, and intended use and market of the potential products. The regulatory approval process for novel products such as ours can be more expensive and take longer than for other, better known or extensively studied products. Our products may also be designated by the FDA or other regulatory authorities as combination products, which include: (1) a product comprised of two or more regulated components, e.g., drug/device, biologic/device, drug/biologic, or drug/device/biologic, that are physically, chemically, or otherwise combined or mixed and produced as a single entity; (2) two or more separate products packaged together in a single package or as a unit and comprised of drug and device products, device and biological products, or biological and drug products; (3) a drug, device, or biological product packaged separately that according to its investigational plan or proposed labeling is intended for use only with an approved individually specified drug, device, or biological product where both are required to achieve the intended use, indication, or effect and where upon approval of the proposed product the labeling of the approved product would need to be changed, e.g., to reflect a change in intended use, dosage form, strength, route of administration, or significant change in dose; or (4) any investigational drug, device, or biological product packaged separately that according to its proposed labeling is for use only with another individually specified investigational drug, device, or biological product where both are required to achieve the intended use, indication, or effect. Combination Products containing a biologic/device then may be regulated as a biologic product, resulting in a longer regulatory approval process than the regulatory approval process for a medical device alone. Approvals by any regulatory authorities may not be indicative of what the FDA or other regulatory agencies may require for approval, and vice versa.

Regulatory requirements governing medical devices and other products for medical use have changed frequently and may continue to change in the future. Also, before a clinical trial can begin, an institutional review board, or IRB, at each institution at which a clinical trial will be performed must review the proposed clinical trial to assess the safety of the trial. In addition, adverse developments in clinical trials of comparable products conducted by others may cause European regulatory authorities, the FDA, or other regulatory authorities to change the requirements for approval of any of our products.

These regulatory agencies and additional or new requirements may lengthen the regulatory review process, require us to perform additional studies, increase our development costs, lead to changes in regulatory positions and interpretations, delay or prevent approval and commercialization of our products, or lead to significant approval and post-approval limitations or restrictions. As we advance our products, we will be required to consult with these regulatory authorities, and comply with applicable requirements. If we fail to do so, we may be required to delay or discontinue development of our products. Delay or failure to obtain, or unexpected costs in obtaining, the regulatory approval necessary to bring a potential product to market could impair our ability to generate product revenue and to become profitable.

We may find it difficult to enroll patients in our clinical trials, and patients could discontinue their participation in our clinical trials, which could delay or prevent clinical trials of our products.

Identifying and qualifying patients to participate in clinical trials of our products is critical to our success. The timing of our clinical trials depends on our ability to recruit patients to participate in our clinical trials. We may experience delays in patient enrollment in the future. If patients are unwilling to participate in our clinical trials because of negative publicity from adverse events in the biotechnology, pharmaceutical or medical technology industries, or for other reasons, including competitive clinical trials for similar patient populations, the timeline for recruiting patients, conducting trials, and obtaining regulatory approval of potential products may be delayed. These delays could result in increased costs, delays in advancing our product development, delays in testing the effectiveness of our technology, or termination of the clinical trials altogether.

We may not be able to identify, recruit, and enroll a sufficient number of patients, or those with required or desired characteristics to achieve diversity in a trial, to complete our clinical trials in a timely manner. Patient enrollment is affected by factors including:

We are currently conducting clinical trials in Israel and intend to seek marketing approval in Europe, China and the United States. We may not be able to initiate or continue clinical trials if we cannot enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in the clinical trials required by European regulatory authorities, the FDA, or other regulatory authorities.

In addition, patients enrolled in our clinical trials may discontinue their participation at any time during the trial as a result of a number of factors, including withdrawing their consent or experiencing adverse clinical events, which may or may not be related to our products under evaluation. The discontinuation of patients in any one of our trials may cause us to delay or abandon such clinical trial, or cause the results from that trial not to be positive or sufficient to support a filing for regulatory approval of the applicable product.

Our clinical trials may not be successful or may be delayed.

Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of our products or any future product, we must conduct clinical trials to demonstrate the safety in humans for European CE marking certification, and the safety and efficacy of our products in humans for other regulatory authorities such as China and the United States. From time to time, we work with contract research organizations, or CROs, which assist us in overseeing and implementing our clinical trials. Clinical trials are expensive, time consuming, and uncertain as to outcome. We cannot guarantee that any clinical trials will be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all. We may not receive FDA regulatory approval for the conduct of any particular clinical trial in the United States or regulatory approval for conduct of such clinical trial in other countries. A failure of one or more clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing. Events that may prevent successful or timely completion of clinical development include:

Any inability to successfully complete preclinical and clinical development could result in additional costs to us or impair our ability to generate revenue from product sales. In addition, if we make manufacturing or design changes to our products, we may need to conduct additional studies to bridge our modified products to earlier versions. Clinical trial delays could also shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our products or allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do, which could impair our ability to successfully commercialize our products.

If the results of our clinical trials are inconclusive or if there are safety concerns or adverse events associated with our products, we may:

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of our products and impair our ability to commercialize our products.

Success in early clinical trials may not be indicative of results obtained in later trials.

There is a high failure rate for medical devices, drugs, and biologics proceeding through clinical trials. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical technology industries have suffered significant setbacks in later stage clinical trials even after achieving promising results in earlier stage clinical trials. Data obtained from preclinical and clinical activities are subject to varying interpretations, which may delay, limit, or prevent regulatory approval. In addition, regulatory delays or rejections may be encountered as a result of many factors, including the novelty of the product and changes in regulatory policy during the period of product development.

Even if we complete the necessary preclinical studies and clinical trials, we cannot predict when or if we will obtain regulatory approval to commercialize a product, or the approval may be for a more narrow indication than we expect.

We cannot commercialize a product until the appropriate regulatory authorities have reviewed and approved the product. Even if our products demonstrate safety and efficacy in clinical trials, the regulatory agencies may not complete their review processes in a timely manner, or we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval. Additional delays may result if an FDA Advisory Committee or other regulatory authority recommends non-approval or restrictions on approval. In addition, we may experience delays or rejections based upon additional government regulation from future legislation or administrative action, or changes in regulatory agency policy during the period of product development, clinical trials, and the review process. Regulatory agencies also may approve a treatment for fewer or more limited indications than requested or may grant approval subject to the performance of post-marketing studies. In addition, regulatory agencies may not approve the labeling claims that are necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of our treatment.

Side effects may occur following treatment with our products which could make it more difficult for our products to receive regulatory approval.

Treatment with our products may cause side effects or other adverse events. In addition, since our products may in the future be administered in combination with other therapies, patients or clinical trial participants may experience side effects or other adverse events that are unrelated to our product, but may still impact the success of our clinical trials. Additionally, our products could potentially cause other adverse events that have not yet been predicted. The experience of side effects and adverse events in our clinical trials could make it more difficult to achieve regulatory approval of our products or, if approved, could negatively impact the market acceptance of such products.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval for a product, our products will remain subject to regulatory scrutiny.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval in a jurisdiction, the regulatory authority may still impose significant restrictions on the indicated uses or marketing of our products, or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies or post-market surveillance. Advertising and promotional materials must comply with FDA, Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, and European and other countries’ regulatory requirements and are subject to review by the FDA, FTC or other governmental authorities, in addition to other potentially applicable federal and state laws.

The laws that may affect our operations in the United States include:

The scope of these laws and our lack of experience in establishing the compliance programs necessary to comply with this complex and evolving regulatory environment increase the risks that we may violate the applicable laws and regulations.

In addition, product manufacturers and their facilities are subject to continual review and periodic inspections by the European regulatory authorities, the FDA, and other regulatory authorities for compliance with cGMP or any applicable European or other governmental regulations. If we or a regulatory agency discover previously unknown problems with a product such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions relative to that product or the manufacturing facility, including requiring recall or withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing.

If we fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements following approval of any of our products, one or more regulatory authorities could:

Any government investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate negative publicity and potentially lead to private litigation. The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may inhibit our ability to commercialize our products and generate revenues.

We have only limited experience in regulatory affairs and intend to rely on consultants and other third parties for regulatory matters, which may affect our ability or the time we require to obtain necessary regulatory approvals.

In January 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, responded to the Company’s Pre-Request for Designation, or Pre-RFD, regarding product classification and jurisdictional assessment. The FDA’s Office of Combination Products, or OCP, determined that VergenixSTR should be classified as a combination product and should be assigned to the FDA’s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, or CBER. A Pre-RFD is FDA’s preliminary, nonbinding assessment of (1) the regulatory identity or classification of a product as a drug, device, biological product, or combination product, and (2) which FDA Center (i.e., CBER, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, or CDER, or Center for Devices and Radiological Health, or CDRH,) will have primary jurisdiction for the premarket review and regulation of the product. Therefore, this classification and jurisdictional assessment is subject to change. We currently do not intend to pursue an FDA regulatory pathway to market for VergenixSTR in 2019. We have limited experience in preparing and filing the applications necessary to gain regulatory approvals for our products. Moreover, the products that are likely to result from our development programs are based on new technologies that have not been extensively used in humans. The regulatory requirements governing these types of products may be less well defined or more rigorous than for conventional products. As a result, we may experience a longer regulatory review process in connection with obtaining regulatory approvals, if any, of products that we develop. We intend to rely on independent consultants for regulatory services and compliance and product development and filings in Europe, the United States and elsewhere. Any failure by our consultants to properly advise us regarding, or properly perform tasks related to, regulatory submission and other requirements could compromise our ability to develop and obtain regulatory approval of our products.

We are subject to stringent regulation and any adverse regulatory action may materially adversely affect our financial condition and business operations.

Our products, development activities, and manufacturing processes are subject to extensive and rigorous regulation by numerous government agencies, including European regulatory authorities, the FDA, and other regulatory authorities. To varying degrees, each of these agencies monitors and enforces our compliance with laws and regulations governing the development, testing, manufacturing, labeling, marketing, and distribution of our products. The process of obtaining marketing approval or clearance in Europe, the United States, and other countries for new products or enhancements or modifications to existing products, could:

We cannot be certain that we will receive required approval or clearance from European regulatory authorities, the FDA, or other regulatory authorities for new products or modifications to existing products on a timely basis. The failure to receive approval or clearance for significant new products or modifications to existing products on a timely basis could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Both before and after a product is commercially released, we have ongoing responsibilities under FDA regulations. For example, we are required to comply with the FDA’s Quality System Regulation, or QSR, which are the good manufacturing requirements that the FDA applies to medical devices, and which mandate that manufacturers adhere to certain requirements pertaining to, among other things, development of our products, validation of manufacturing processes, controls for purchasing product components, and documentation practices. As another example, FDA regulations require us to provide information to the FDA whenever there is evidence that reasonably suggests that a product may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury, or that a malfunction occurred which would be likely to cause or contribute to a death or serious injury upon recurrence. Compliance with applicable regulatory requirements is subject to continual review and is monitored rigorously through, among other things, periodic inspections by the FDA, which may result in observations on Form 483 that require corrective action, and in some cases warning letters. If the FDA were to conclude that we are not in compliance with applicable laws or regulations, or that any of our products are ineffective or pose an unreasonable health risk, the FDA could ban such products, detain or seize such products, order a recall, repair, replacement, or refund of such products, or require us to notify health professionals and others that the devices present unreasonable risks of substantial harm to the public health.

The FDA has been increasing its scrutiny of the medical device, drugs, and biologics industries, and regulatory agencies are expected to continue to scrutinize the industry closely with inspections, with possible enforcement actions by the FDA or other agencies. Additionally, the FDA may restrict manufacturing and impose other operating restrictions, enjoin and restrain certain violations of applicable law pertaining to medical products, and assess civil or criminal penalties against our officers, employees, or us. The FDA may also recommend prosecution to the Department of Justice. Any adverse regulatory action, depending on its magnitude, may restrict us from effectively manufacturing, marketing, and selling our products. In addition, negative publicity and product liability claims resulting from any adverse regulatory action could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Finally, the FDA issued regulations regarding “Current Good Manufacturing Practice Requirements for Combination Products” on January 22, 2013. These regulations may apply to some of our products if they are designated by the FDA as combination products, which are products composed of two or more regulated components, such as a drug and a medical device. There have been and will be additional costs associated with compliance with the FDA Good Manufacturing Practice Requirements regulations for Combination Products.

Governmental regulations have become increasingly stringent and more common, and we may become subject to even more rigorous regulation by governmental authorities in various countries in the future. Penalties for a company’s non-compliance with governmental regulation could be severe, including revocation or suspension of a company’s business license and criminal sanctions.

The impact of healthcare reform and other changes in the healthcare industry and in healthcare spending is currently unknown, and may adversely affect our business model.

The commercial potential for our approved products, if any, could be affected by changes in healthcare spending and policy in Europe, in the United States, and in other countries. We operate in a highly regulated industry and new laws, regulations, or judicial decisions, or new interpretations of existing laws, regulations, or decisions, related to healthcare availability, the method of delivery, or payment for healthcare products and services could negatively impact our business, operations, and financial condition.

In addition to the level of commercial success of our products, if approved, our future prospects are also dependent on our ability to successfully develop a pipeline of additional products, and we may not be successful in our efforts in using our platform technologies to identify or discover additional products.

The success of our business depends primarily upon our ability to identify, develop, and commercialize products based on our platform technology. Although we have three products at various stages of development, our research programs may fail to identify other potential products for clinical development for a number of reasons. Our research methodology may be unsuccessful in identifying potential products or our potential products may be shown to have harmful side effects or may have other characteristics that may make the products unmarketable or unlikely to receive marketing approval.

If any of these events occur, we may be forced to abandon our development efforts for a program or programs. Research programs to identify new products require substantial technical, financial, and human resources. We may focus our efforts and resources on potential programs or products that ultimately prove to be unsuccessful.

Risks Related to Our Reliance on Third Parties

We may not be successful in establishing and maintaining strategic partnerships, which could adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our rhCollagen based BioInk, dermal fillers for aesthetics, VergenixSTR, and VergenixFG.

To successfully develop and commercialize our products, we will need substantial financial resources as well as expertise and physical resources and systems. We may elect to develop some or all of these physical resources and systems and expertise ourselves, or we may seek to collaborate with another company that can provide some or all of such physical resources and systems as well as financial resources and expertise. For example, in October 2018, CollPlant Ltd., or CollPlant, our wholly-owned subsidiary, entered into the United License Agreement, with Lung Biotechnology PBC, or LB, a public benefit corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of United Therapeutics Corporation, pursuant to which CollPlant and LB will collaborate in 3D bio-printing development of engineered lungs or lung substitutes using our rhCollagen and BioInk.

We face significant competition in seeking appropriate partners for our products, and the negotiation process is time-consuming and complex. In order for us to successfully partner our products, potential partners must view our products as economically valuable in markets they determine to be attractive in light of the terms that we are seeking and other available products for licensing by other companies. Even if we are successful in our efforts to establish strategic partnerships, the terms that we agree upon may not be favorable to us, and we may not be able to maintain such strategic partnerships if, for example, development or approval of a product is delayed or sales of an approved product are disappointing. Any delay in entering into strategic partnership agreements related to our products could delay the development and commercialization of our products and reduce their competitiveness even if they reach the market. If we fail to establish and maintain strategic partnerships related to our products, we will bear all of the risk and costs related to the development and commercialization of our products, and we will need to seek additional financing, hire additional employees and otherwise develop expertise which we do not have and for which we have not budgeted.

The risks in a strategic partnership include the following:

In addition, a strategic partner for one or more of our products may have the right to terminate the collaboration at its discretion. For example, LB may terminate the United License Agreement at any time upon 30 days’ written notice with respect to the entirety of the United License Agreement and upon 30 days’ written notice with respect to its license and other rights under the United License Agreement relating to one or more CollPlant patents, on a patent-by-patent and country-by-country basis. Any early termination in a manner adverse to us could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations. Any termination may require us to seek a new strategic partner, which we may not be able to do on a timely basis, if at all, or require us to delay or scale back our development and commercialization efforts. The occurrence of any of these events could adversely affect the development and commercialization of our products and materially harm our business and stock price by delaying the development of our products, and the sale of any products that may be approved by the FDA or other regulatory agencies, by slowing the growth of such sales, by reducing the profitability of the product and/or by adversely affecting the reputation of the product.

Further, a strategic partner may breach an agreement with us, and we may not be able to adequately protect our rights under these agreements. Furthermore, a strategic partner will likely negotiate for certain rights to control decisions regarding the development and commercialization of our products, if approved, and may not conduct those activities in the same manner as we would do so.

We expect to depend upon third-party distributors and resellers for a significant portion of our sales.

We expect to rely primarily upon sales through independent distributors and resellers. While we are highly dependent upon acceptance of our products and solutions by such third parties and their active marketing and sales efforts relating to our products, most of our distributors and resellers will not be obligated to deal with us exclusively and are not contractually subject to minimum purchase requirements. In addition, some of our distributors and resellers may sell competing products or solutions. As a result, our distributors and resellers may give higher priority to products or services of our competitors, thereby reducing their efforts in selling our products and services.

There can be no assurance that such distributors and resellers will act as effective sales agents for us, that they will remain our partners, or that, if we terminate or lose any of them, we will be successful in replacing them. Any disruption in our distribution channels could adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.

We expect to rely on third parties to conduct some or all aspects of our product manufacturing, protocol development, research, and preclinical and clinical testing, and these third parties may not perform satisfactorily.

We do not expect to independently conduct all aspects of our product manufacturing, protocol development, research, and preclinical and clinical testing. We currently rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties with respect to parts of these items.

Any of these third parties may terminate their engagements with us at any time or upon advance notice. If we need to enter into alternative arrangements, it could delay our product development activities. Our reliance on these third parties for research and development activities will reduce our control over these activities but will not relieve us of our responsibility to ensure compliance with all required regulations and study protocols.

If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines, or conduct our studies in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated study plans and protocols, we will not be able to complete, or may be delayed in completing, the preclinical studies and clinical trials required to support future FDA, European, or other approvals of our products.

Reliance on third-party manufacturers entails risks to which we would not be subject if we manufactured the products ourselves, including:

Any of these events could lead to clinical trial delays or failure to obtain regulatory approval, or impact our ability to successfully commercialize future products. Some of these events could be the basis of action from European regulatory authorities, the FDA, or other regulatory authorities, including injunction, recall, seizure, or total or partial suspension of production.

If we or our third-party manufacturers on which we rely cannot manufacture our products at sufficient yields, we may experience delays in development, regulatory approval, and commercialization.

Completion of our clinical trials and commercialization of our products require access to, or development of, facilities to manufacture our products at sufficient yields and at a commercial scale. We have limited experience in large scale manufacturing, or managing third parties in manufacturing any of our products in the volumes that are expected to be necessary to support large-scale clinical trials and sales. Our efforts to establish these capabilities may not meet our requirements as to scale-up, yield, cost, potency, or quality in compliance with cGMP. Our clinical trials should be conducted with product produced under applicable cGMP regulations. Failure to comply with these regulations would delay the regulatory approval process. Even an experienced third-party manufacturer may encounter difficulties in production, including:

Any delay or interruption in the supply of our products could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

The regulatory authorities also may, at any time following approval of a product for sale, audit our manufacturing facilities or those of our third-party contractors. If any such inspection or audit identifies a failure to comply with applicable regulations or our product specifications or if a violation of applicable regulations, including a failure to comply with the product specifications, occurs independent of such an inspection or audit, we or the relevant regulatory authority may require remedial measures that may be costly or time consuming for us or a third party to implement and that may include the temporary or permanent suspension of a clinical trial or commercial sales or the temporary or permanent closure of a facility.

If we or any of our third-party manufacturers fail to maintain regulatory compliance, the FDA or the European authorities can impose regulatory sanctions including, among other things, refusal to approve a pending application for a new product or revocation of a pre-existing approval.

Additionally, if supply from one approved manufacturer is interrupted, there could be a significant disruption in commercial supply. Switching manufacturers may involve substantial costs and is likely to result in a delay in our desired clinical and commercial timelines.

These factors could cause the delay of clinical trials, regulatory submissions, required approvals, or commercialization of our products; cause us to incur higher costs; and prevent us from commercializing our products successfully. Furthermore, if our suppliers fail to meet contractual requirements, and we are unable to secure one or more replacement suppliers capable of production at a substantially equivalent cost, our clinical trials may be delayed or we could lose potential revenue.

We expect to rely on third parties to conduct, supervise, and monitor our clinical trials, and if these third parties perform in an unsatisfactory manner, it may harm our business.

We rely heavily on hospitals, clinic centers, and other institutions and third parties, including the principal investigators and their staff, to carry out our clinical trials in accordance with our clinical protocols and designs. We also rely on a number of CROs to assist in undertaking, managing, monitoring, and executing our ongoing clinical trials. We expect to continue to rely on CROs, clinical data management organizations, medical institutions, and clinical investigators to conduct our development efforts in the future. We compete with many other companies for the resources of these third parties, and large pharmaceutical and medical device companies often have significantly more extensive agreements and relationships with such third-party providers, and such third-party providers may prioritize the requirements of such large pharmaceutical and medical device companies over ours. The third parties on whom we rely may terminate their engagements with us at any time, which may cause delay in the development and commercialization of our products. If any such third party terminates its engagement with us or fails to perform as agreed, we may be required to enter into alternative arrangements, which would result in significant cost and delay to our product development program. Moreover, our agreements with such third parties generally do not provide assurances regarding employee turnover and availability, which may cause interruptions in the research on our products by such third parties.

Moreover, while our reliance on these third parties for certain development and management activities will reduce our control over these activities, it will not relieve us of our responsibilities. For example, European regulatory authorities, the FDA, and other regulatory authorities require compliance with regulations and standards, including GCP requirements, for designing, conducting, monitoring, recording, analyzing, and reporting the results of clinical trials to ensure that the data and results from trials are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity, and confidentiality of trial participants are protected. Although we rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials, we are responsible for ensuring that each of these clinical trials is conducted in accordance with its general investigational plan and protocol under legal and regulatory requirements. Regulatory authorities enforce these GCP requirements through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators, and trial sites. If we or any of our CROs fail to comply with applicable GCP requirements, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable, and European regulatory authorities, the FDA, or other regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. We cannot assure you that upon inspection by a regulatory authority, such regulatory authority will determine that any of our clinical trials comply with GCP requirements.

If CROs and other third parties do not successfully carry out their duties under their agreements with us, if the quality or accuracy of the data they obtain is compromised due to their failure to adhere to trial protocols or to regulatory requirements, or if they otherwise fail to comply with regulations and trial protocols or meet expected standards or deadlines, the trials of our products may not meet regulatory requirements. If trials do not meet regulatory requirements or if these third parties need to be replaced, the development of our products may be delayed, suspended, or terminated, or the results may not be acceptable. If any of these events occur, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval of our products on a timely basis, at a reasonable cost, or at all.

Our reliance on third parties may require us to share our trade secrets, which increases the possibility that a competitor will discover them or that our trade secrets will be misappropriated or disclosed.

Because we rely on third parties to manufacture our products, and because we collaborate with various organizations and academic institutions on the advancement of our technology, we must, at times, share trade secrets with them. We seek to protect our proprietary technology in part by entering into confidentiality agreements and, if applicable, material transfer agreements, collaborative research agreements, consulting agreements, or other similar agreements with our strategic partners, advisors, employees, and consultants prior to beginning research or disclosing proprietary information. These agreements typically limit the rights of the third parties to use or disclose our confidential information, such as trade secrets. Despite these contractual provisions, the need to share trade secrets and other confidential information increases the risk that such trade secrets become known by potential competitors, are inadvertently incorporated into the technology of others, or are disclosed or used in violation of these agreements. Given that our proprietary position is based, in part, on our know-how and trade secrets, discovery by a third party of our trade secrets or other unauthorized use or disclosure would impair our intellectual property rights and protections in our products.

In addition, these agreements typically restrict the ability of our collaborators, advisors, employees, and consultants to publish data potentially relating to our trade secrets. Our academic collaborators typically have rights to publish data, provided that we are notified in advance and may delay publication for a specified time in order to secure our intellectual property rights arising from the collaboration. In other cases, publication rights are controlled exclusively by us, although in some cases we may share these rights with other parties. Despite our efforts to protect our trade secrets, our competitors may discover our trade secrets, either through breach of these agreements, independent development, or publication of information including our trade secrets in cases where we do not have proprietary or otherwise protected rights at the time of publication.

It could be difficult to replace some of our suppliers and equipment vendors.

Outside vendors provide key components, raw materials, and equipment used in the manufacture of our products. An uncorrected defect or supplier’s variation in a component or raw material, either unknown to us or incompatible with our manufacturing process, could harm our ability to manufacture products. We may not be able to find a sufficient alternative supplier in a reasonable time period, or on commercially reasonable terms, if at all, and our ability to produce and supply our products could be impaired.

If we were suddenly unable to purchase from one or more of these companies, we would need a significant period of time to qualify a replacement, and the production of any affected products could be disrupted. While it is our policy to maintain sufficient inventory of components so that our production will not be significantly disrupted even if a particular component or material is not available for a period of time, we remain at risk that we will not be able to qualify new components or materials quickly enough to prevent a disruption if one or more of our suppliers ceases production of important components or materials, or if we are unable to quickly procure replacement equipment.

Risks Related to Our Business Operations

Our future success depends on our ability to retain key employees, consultants, and advisors and to attract, retain, and motivate qualified personnel.

We are dependent on principal members of our executive team listed under “Management” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F, the loss of whose services may adversely impact the achievement of our objectives. While we have entered into employment agreements with each member of our senior management, any of them could leave our employment at any time, subject to advance notice periods. Recruiting and retaining other qualified employees, consultants, and advisors for our business, including scientific and technical personnel, will also be critical to our success. There is currently a shortage of skilled executives in our industry, which is likely to continue. As a result, competition for skilled personnel is intense and the turnover rate can be high. We may not be able to attract and retain personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and medical device companies for individuals with similar skill sets. In addition, failure to succeed in clinical trials may make it more challenging to recruit and retain qualified personnel. The inability to recruit or loss of the services of any executive, key employee, consultant, or advisor may impede the progress of our research, development, and commercialization objectives.

Our collaborations with outside scientists and consultants may be subject to restriction and change.

We work with medical experts, chemists, biologists, and other scientists at academic and other institutions, and consultants who assist us in our research, development, and regulatory efforts, including the members of our scientific advisory board. In addition, these scientists and consultants have provided, and we expect that they will continue to provide, valuable advice regarding our programs and regulatory approval processes. These scientists and consultants are not our employees and may have other commitments that would limit their future availability to us. If a conflict of interest arises between their work for us and their work for another entity, we may lose their services. In addition, we are limited in our ability to prevent them from establishing competing businesses or developing competing products. For example, if a key scientist acting as a principal investigator in any of our clinical trials identifies a potential product that is more scientifically interesting to his or her professional interests, his or her availability to remain involved in our clinical trials could be restricted or eliminated.

Our business and operations would suffer in the event of computer system failures or security breaches.

Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems, and those of our contract research organizations, or CROs and other third parties on which we rely, are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, cyber-attacks, natural disasters, fire, terrorism, war, and telecommunication and electrical failures.  If such an event were to occur and interrupt our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our drug development programs.  For example, the loss of clinical trial data from ongoing or planned clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data.  To the extent that any disruption or security breach results in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, loss of trade secrets or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, including protected health information or personal data of employees or former employees, access to our clinical data, or disruption of the manufacturing process, we could incur liability and the further development of our drug candidates could be delayed.  We may also be vulnerable to cyber-attacks by hackers or other malfeasance.  This type of breach of our cybersecurity may compromise our confidential information and/or our financial information and adversely affect our business or result in legal proceedings.  Further, these cybersecurity breaches may inflict reputational harm upon us that may result in decreased market value and erode public trust.

We will need to expand our organization and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth, which could disrupt our operations.

As of March 15, 2019, we had 42 employees. As we mature and undertake the activities required to advance our products into later stage clinical development and to operate as a public company in the United States, we expect to expand our full-time employee base and to hire more consultants and contractors. Our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from our day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities. We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, operational setbacks, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees, and reduced productivity among remaining employees. Our expected growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of additional products. If our management is unable to effectively manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate or grow revenue could be compromised, and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize products and compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth.

Our employees, principal investigators, consultants, and commercial partners may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading.

We are exposed to the risk of fraud or other misconduct by our employees, principal investigators, consultants, and commercial partners. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional failures to comply with regulations, provide accurate information to European regulatory authorities, the FDA and other regulatory authorities, comply with healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations, report financial information or data accurately, or disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing, and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing, and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs, and other business arrangements. Such misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. We have adopted a code of conduct applicable to all of our employees, but it is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.

We face potential product liability, and, if successful claims are brought against us, we may incur substantial liability and costs. If the use of our products harms patients, or is perceived to harm patients even when such harm is unrelated to our products, our regulatory approvals could be revoked or otherwise negatively impacted and we could be subject to costly and damaging product liability claims.

The use of our products in clinical trials and the sale of any products for which we obtain marketing approval exposes us to the risk of product liability claims. Product liability claims might be brought against us by consumers, healthcare providers, pharmaceutical and medical device companies, or others that sell or otherwise come into contact with our products. There is a risk that our products may induce adverse events. If we cannot successfully defend against product liability claims, we could incur substantial liability and costs. In addition, regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in:

We currently carry product liability insurance of $5.0 million for sales in Europe of VergenixFG and VergenixSTR. We intend to acquire product liability insurance before commercializing any of our other products. We believe our clinical trials liability insurance coverage is sufficient in light of our current clinical programs; however, we may not be able to obtain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses due to product liability. If we obtain marketing approval for any of our products, we intend to obtain insurance coverage to include the sale of commercial products, but we may not be able to obtain product liability insurance on commercially reasonable terms or in adequate amounts. On occasion, large judgments have been awarded in class action lawsuits based on medical treatments that had unanticipated adverse effects. A product liability claim or series of claims brought against us could cause our ADS or ordinary share price to decline and, if judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could materially and adversely affect our financial position.

Our development of rhCollagen relies upon the continued availability of tobacco plants, and any interruption in availability or supply of tobacco plants may delay production and adversely affect commercial utilization of our rhCollagen-based products.

Our products are all based on our recombinant human collagen extracted from tobacco plants. Any disruption to the supply of tobacco plants or any change in its availability for use would delay our production of collagen and adversely affect commercial utilization of our products.

The occurrence of severe adverse weather conditions, soil salination or crop diseases may have a potentially devastating impact upon our tobacco production. The effect of severe adverse weather conditions or the occurrence and effect of crop disease may reduce yields in our plants or require higher levels of investment to maintain yields, even when only a portion of the crop is damaged. We cannot assure you that severe future adverse weather conditions will not adversely impact our operating results and financial condition. Although some crop diseases are treatable, the cost of treatment is high, and we cannot assure that such events in the future will not adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

If our existing rhCollagen production site or any new facility is damaged or destroyed, or production at this facility is otherwise interrupted, our business and prospects would be negatively affected.

We currently have a single, small-scale production site in Israel where we manufacture rhCollagen. Under the United License Agreement, LB is required to build a facility, or engage a manufacturer to build a facility, in the U.S. for the manufacture of our rhCollagen and BioInk in connection with the United License Agreement. There can be no assurance that such a facility will be built. If our existing production facility or the new facility, or the equipment in it, is damaged or destroyed, we likely would not be able to quickly or inexpensively replace our production capacity. Any new facility needed to replace our existing production facility would need to comply with the necessary regulatory requirements and be tailored to our production requirements and processes. We would need regulatory approval before using any products manufactured at a new facility in clinical trials or selling any products that are ultimately approved. Such an event could delay our clinical trials or, if any of our products are approved by the regulator, reduce or eliminate our product sales.

If we fail to comply with environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse impact on the success of our business.

We are subject to numerous environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment, and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Our operations involve the use of hazardous materials, including chemicals and biological materials. Our operations also produce hazardous waste products. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from our use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties.

Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials or other work-related injuries, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may result in substantial fines, penalties, or other sanctions.

We may use our financial and human resources to pursue a particular research program or product and fail to capitalize on programs or products that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

Because we have limited resources, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with certain programs or products or for indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Our spending on current and future research and development programs for products may not yield any commercially viable products. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product through strategic collaboration, licensing, or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights to such product, or we may allocate internal resources to a product in a therapeutic area in which it would have been more advantageous to enter into a collaboration arrangement.

We are subject to foreign currency exchange risk, and fluctuations between the U.S. dollar and the NIS, the Euro, and other non-U.S. currencies may adversely affect our earnings and results of operations.

We currently operate in two different currencies. While the NIS is our functional and reporting currency and certain investments in our share capital have been denominated in NIS, our financial results may be adversely affected by fluctuations in currency exchange rates as a significant portion of our operating expenses, including development and manufacturing expenses, are denominated in U.S. dollars.

We are exposed to the risks that the U.S. dollar may appreciate relative to the NIS, In such event, the dollar-denominated results of operations would be adversely affected. We cannot predict any future trends in the rate of inflation in Israel or the rate of devaluation (if any) of the NIS against the dollar. For example, the average exchange rate of the dollar against the NIS increased in 2018 and decreased in 2017 and 2016. Market volatility and currency fluctuations may limit our ability to cost-effectively hedge against our foreign currency exposure. Hedging strategies may not eliminate our exposure to foreign exchange rate fluctuations and may involve costs and risks of their own, such as devotion of management time, external costs to implement the strategies, and potential accounting implications. Foreign currency fluctuations, independent of the performance of our underlying business, could lead to materially adverse results or could lead to positive results that are not repeated in future periods.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

We have an extensive worldwide patent portfolio. The cost of maintaining our patent protection is high and maintaining our patent protection requires continuous review and compliance in order to maintain worldwide patent protection. We may not be able to effectively maintain our intellectual property position throughout the major markets of the world.

The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or U.S. PTO, and foreign patent authorities require maintenance fees and payments as well as continued compliance with a number of procedural and documentary requirements. Non-compliance may result in abandonment or lapse of the subject patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Non-compliance may result in reduced royalty payments for lack of patent coverage in a particular jurisdiction from our collaboration partners or may result in competition, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We have made, and will continue to make, certain strategic decisions in balancing costs and the potential protection afforded by the patent laws of certain countries. As a result, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries throughout the world, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other countries. Third parties may use our technologies in territories in which we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and, further, may infringe our patents in territories which provide inadequate enforcement mechanisms, even if we have patent protection. Such third-party products may compete with our products, and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

If we are unable to obtain or protect intellectual property rights related to our products, we may not be able to obtain exclusivity for our products or prevent others from developing similar competitive products.

We rely upon a combination of granted patents, pending patent applications, trade secret protection, and confidentiality agreements to protect the intellectual property related to our products. The strength of patents in the field of regenerative medicine involves complex legal and scientific questions and can be uncertain. The patent applications that we own may fail to result in issued patents with claims that cover our products in the United States or in other countries. There is no assurance that all of the potentially relevant prior art relating to our patents and patent applications has been found, which can invalidate a patent or prevent a patent from issuing from a pending patent application. Even if patents do successfully issue and even if such patents cover our products, third parties may challenge their validity, enforceability, or scope, which may result in the patent claims being narrowed or invalidated. Furthermore, even if they are unchallenged, our patents and patent applications may not adequately protect our intellectual property, provide exclusivity for our products, or prevent others from designing around our claims. Any of these outcomes could impair our ability to prevent competition from third parties.

Our ability to attract third parties to collaborate with us to develop products and our ability to commercialize future products may be adversely affected if the patent applications we hold with respect to our techniques or products fail to issue, if the breadth or strength of our patent protection is threatened, or if our patent portfolio fails to provide meaningful exclusivity for our products. Third parties may challenge their validity or enforceability of our patents or patents that issue in the future from our patent applications, which may result in such patents being narrowed, invalidated, or held unenforceable. Even if our patents and patent applications are not challenged by third parties, they may not prevent others from designing around our claims and may not otherwise adequately protect our products. If the breadth or strength of protection provided by the patents and patent applications we hold with respect to our products is threatened, our ability to commercialize our products may be adversely effected.

Discoveries are generally published in the scientific literature well after their actual development, and patent applications in the United States and other countries are typically not published until 18 months after filing and in some cases are never published. Therefore, we cannot be certain that we were the first to make the inventions claimed in our owned granted patents or patent applications, or that we were the first to file for patent protection covering such inventions. Subject to meeting other requirements for patentability, for United States patent applications filed prior to March 16, 2013, the first to invent the claimed invention is entitled to receive patent protection for that invention while, outside the United States, the first to file a patent application encompassing the invention is entitled to patent protection for the invention. In addition, patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, the expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from the earliest non-provisional filing date. Various extensions may be available, but the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Once the patent life has expired for a product, we may be open to competition from third party products, including products that are copies of our products. This risk is material in light of the length of the development process of our products and lifespan of our current patent portfolio.

In addition to the protection afforded by patents, we rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect our proprietary know-how and other proprietary information that is not patentable or that we elect not to patent. For example, many of our discovery, development, and manufacturing processes involve proprietary know-how, information, or technology that is not covered by patents. We seek to protect our trade secrets and proprietary technology and processes, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, scientific advisors, and contractors. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data and trade secrets by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems. Security measures may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. Although we expect all of our employees and consultants to assign their inventions to us, and all of our employees, consultants, advisors, and any third parties who have access to our proprietary know-how, information, or technology to enter into confidentiality agreements, we cannot provide any assurances that all such agreements have been duly executed, that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed, or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. Misappropriation or unauthorized disclosure of our trade secrets could impair our competitive position and may have a material adverse effect on our business. Additionally, if the steps taken to maintain our trade secrets are deemed inadequate, we may have insufficient recourse against third parties for misappropriating the trade secret. In addition, others may independently discover our trade secrets and proprietary information. For example, the FDA, as part of its Transparency Initiative, is currently considering whether to make additional information publicly available on a routine basis, including information that we may consider to be trade secrets or other proprietary information, and it is not clear at the present time how the FDA’s disclosure policies may change in the future, if at all.

Further, the laws of some countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the laws of the United States. As a result, we may encounter significant problems in protecting and defending our intellectual property both in the United States and in other countries. If we are unable to prevent material disclosure of the non-patented intellectual property related to our technologies to third parties, and there is no guarantee that we will have any such enforceable trade secret protection, we may not be able to establish or maintain a competitive advantage in our market.

Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement may prevent or delay our development and commercialization efforts.

Our commercial success depends in part on our avoiding infringement of the patents and proprietary rights of third parties. There is a substantial amount of litigation, both within and outside the United States, involving patents and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, including patent infringement lawsuits, interferences, oppositions, and inter partes review proceedings before the U.S. PTO, and corresponding foreign patent offices. Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in the fields in which we are pursuing development technologies. As the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries expand and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our products may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent rights of third parties.

Third parties may assert that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. There may be third-party patents or patent applications with claims to materials, formulations, methods of manufacture, or methods for treatment related to the use or manufacture of our products. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending patent applications which may later result in issued patents that our products may be accused of infringing. In addition, third parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of our technologies infringes upon these patents. If any third-party patents were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover the manufacturing process of any of our products or any final product itself, the holders of any such patents may be able to block our ability to commercialize such product unless we obtained a license under the applicable patents, or until such patents expire. Similarly, if any third-party patents were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover aspects of our formulations, processes for manufacture, or methods of use, the holders of any such patents may be able to block our ability to develop and commercialize the applicable product unless we obtained a license or until such patent expires. In either case, such a license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

The patent landscape in competitive product areas is highly complex and there may be patents of third parties of which we are unaware that may result in claims of infringement. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that our products do not infringe proprietary rights of third parties. Parties making claims against us may obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop and commercialize one or more of our products. Defense of such claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of financial and employee resources from our business. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may have to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, pay royalties, redesign our infringing products, or obtain one or more licenses from third parties, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure.

We intend, if necessary, to vigorously enforce our intellectual property in order to protect the proprietary position of our products. Active efforts to enforce our patents may include litigation, post-grant patent challenges, administrative proceedings, or all of the foregoing, depending on the potential benefits that might be available from those actions and the costs associated with undertaking those efforts against third parties. We review and monitor publicly available information regarding products that may be competitive with our products and intend to assert our intellectual property rights where appropriate.

We may enter into license agreements with third parties, and if we fail to comply with our obligations in such agreements under which we license intellectual property rights from third parties or otherwise experience disruptions to our business relationships with our licensors, we could lose license rights that are important to our business.

We may need to obtain licenses from third parties to advance our research or allow commercialization of our products. We may fail to obtain any of these licenses at a reasonable cost or on reasonable terms, if at all. In that event, we may be required to expend significant time and resources to develop or license replacement technology. If we are unable to do so, we may be unable to develop or commercialize the affected products.

We may be involved in lawsuits or administrative proceedings to obtain, protect or enforce our patents, which could be expensive, time consuming, and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patents. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file an infringement suit, which can be expensive and time consuming. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, the defendant may file a countersuit, challenging the validity or enforceability of our patent. In that case, a court may decide that a patent of ours is not valid, is unenforceable, or is not infringed, or it may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing.

We may not be able to prevent misappropriation of our intellectual property rights, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights.

We may be involved in interference proceedings in the U.S. PTO that are provoked by third parties or provoked by us when there appears to be the same subject matter claimed in our patents or patent applications and the third parties’ patents or patent applications, in order to determine the priority of inventions. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology, to lose our patent claims partially or in entirety, or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms. Our defense of interference proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions, or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our ordinary shares or ADSs.

Recent patent reform legislation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents.

On September 16, 2011, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, was signed into law. The Leahy-Smith Act includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law, including provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted and also affect patent litigation. The U.S. PTO has developed regulations and procedures to govern administration of the Leahy-Smith Act, and many of the substantive changes to patent law associated with the Leahy-Smith Act, and in particular, the first to file provisions which were enacted March 16, 2013. However, it is not clear what, if any, impact the Leahy-Smith Act will have on the operation of our business. The Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents. We may become involved in post-grant proceedings challenging our patents or the patents of others, and the outcome of any such proceedings are highly uncertain. An unfavorable outcome in any such proceedings could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our technology and compete directly with us, or result in our inability to manufacture, develop, or commercialize our products without infringing the patent rights of others.

We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants, or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties or, that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

Certain of our employees and personnel were previously employed at universities, medical institutions, or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies. Although we try to ensure that our employees, consultants, and independent contractors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants, or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any of our employee’s former employer or other third parties. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees. Furthermore, universities or medical institutions who employ some of our key employees and personnel in parallel to their engagement by us may claim that intellectual property developed by such person is owned by the respective academic or medical institution under the respective institution, intellectual property policy or applicable law.

We may become subject to claims for remuneration or royalties for assigned service invention rights by our employees, which could result in litigation and adversely affect our business.

A significant portion of our intellectual property has been developed by our employees in the course of their employment for us. Section 134 of the Israeli Patents Law, 5727-1967, or the Patents Law, grants employees the right to receive consideration for service inventions unless otherwise provided in an agreement between the parties. According to a decision by the special Committee for Compensations and Royalties formed under the Patents Law, or the Committee, an employee’s right to receive consideration for service inventions is a personal right and is entirely separate from the proprietary rights in such invention. A decision in May 2014 by the Committee clarifies that the right to receive consideration under Section 134 can be waived and that such waiver does not necessarily have to be explicit. However, the Committee has the authority to examine, on a case by case basis, the general contractual framework between the parties, using interpretation rules of the general Israeli contract laws. Although such decision seems to alleviate the requirement to obtain an explicit waiver for royalties for service inventions under Section 134 of the Patents Law, to the extent that there is no explicit waiver in an employment agreement, the existence of such waiver will be subject to the interpretation of the Committee. Further, the Committee has not yet determined one specific formula for calculating this remuneration (but rather uses the criteria specified in the Patents Law) nor the criteria or circumstances under which an employee’s waiver of his right to remuneration will be disregarded. We generally enter into assignment-of-invention agreements with our employees pursuant to which such individuals assign to us all rights to any inventions created in the scope of their employment or engagement with us. Although our employees have agreed to assign to us service invention rights, we may face claims demanding remuneration in consideration for assigned inventions. As a consequence of such claims, we could be required to pay additional remuneration or royalties to our current or former employees, or be forced to litigate such claims, which could negatively affect our business.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our patents and other intellectual property.

We may be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators, or other third parties have an ownership interest in our patents or other intellectual property. Ownership disputes may arise in the future, for example, from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved in developing our products. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or ownership. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, valuable intellectual property. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection requires compliance with various procedural, document submissions, fee payments, and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees, and various other governmental fees on patents and applications are and will be due to be paid to the U.S. PTO and various governmental patent agencies outside of the United States in several stages over the lifetime of the patents and applications. The U.S. PTO and various non-U.S. governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment, and other similar provisions during the patent application process. There are situations in which non-compliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction.

Issued patents covering our products could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged in court or in administrative proceedings.

If we initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering one of our products, the defendant may contend that the patent covering our product is invalid, unenforceable, or fails to cover the product or the infringing product. In patent litigation in the United States, defendants commonly allege that asserted patent claims are invalid and unenforceable. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet one or more of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness, lack of written description, indefiniteness, and non-enablement. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the U.S. PTO, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution. Third parties may also raise similar claims before administrative bodies in the United States or abroad, even outside the context of litigation. Such mechanisms include re-examination, post grant review, and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions, such as opposition proceedings. Such proceedings could result in revocation, amendments to our patent claims, or statements being made on the record such that our claims may no longer be construed to cover our products. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. With respect to the validity question, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art, of which we and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity, unenforceability, or non-infringement, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on our products. For example, as further described below, in July 2017, Fibrogen, Inc., or Fibrogen, prevailed in an administrative challenge to one of our patents in Europe, resulting in the revocation of the patent and the abandonment of another patent. Even if resolved in our favor, litigation, or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us to incur significant expenses, and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. Moreover, third parties may continue to initiate new proceedings in the United States and foreign jurisdictions to challenge our patents from time to time.

In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions, or other interim proceedings or developments, and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the market price of our ordinary shares or ADSs. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing, or distribution activities.

Three issued patents in Europe covering our product were administratively challenged by Fibrogen.

Our European Patent No. 1 809 751 entitled “Collagen Producing Plants and Methods of Generating and Using Same,” was granted by the European Patent Office, or the EPO, on September 1, 2010. On June 1, 2011, Fibrogen initiated an opposition proceeding with the EPO, seeking revocation of the patent in its entirety on the grounds that the claims were not supported by the contents of the patent, were not novel, and were not inventive. On January 22, 2013, the EPO issued its decision to maintain the patent in amended form with claims that cover genetically modified plants that produce collagen.

On June 3, 2013, Fibrogen, Inc. appealed the decision. On August 1, 2013, we filed an appeal, seeking to expand the scope of the patent. In July 2017, the EPO revoked the patent.

Our European Patent No. 2 357 241 entitled “Collagen Producing Plants and Methods of Generating and Using Same,” a divisional of European Patent No. 1 809 751, was granted by the EPO, on March 4, 2015. On December 10, 2015, Fibrogen initiated an opposition proceeding with the EPO, seeking revocation of the patent in its entirety on the grounds that the claims were not supported by the contents of the patent, were not novel, and were not inventive. On August 16, 2016, we filed a response thereto. In September 2017, we abandoned the patent and consequently the patent was revoked by the EPO in February 2018.

Our European Patent No. EP2816117 entitled “Collagen Producing Plants and Methods of Generating and Using Same,” a divisional of European Patent No. 1 809 751, was granted by the EPO, on November 30, 2016. On August 30, 2017, Fibrogen initiated an opposition proceeding with the EPO, seeking revocation of the patent in its entirety on the grounds that the claims were not supported by the contents of the patent, and were not inventive. Due to our decision not to respond in the opposition proceedings, the patent was revoked in July 2018.

Changes in U.S. patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products.

As is the case with other companies in our industry, our success is heavily dependent on intellectual property, particularly patents. Obtaining and enforcing patents in the biotechnology industry involve both technological and legal complexity, and therefore is costly, time consuming, and inherently uncertain. In addition, in recent years, the United States enacted and implemented wide-ranging patent reform legislation. Recent U.S. Supreme Court rulings have narrowed the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances and weakened the rights of patent owners in some situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents that had already been granted. The patent laws and regulations may change in unpredictable ways through actions of the U.S. Congress, the federal courts, and the U.S. PTO, in the future, and any changes may adversely affect our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents that we might obtain in the future.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting, and defending patents on products in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Potential competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as in the United States. These products may compete with our products, if approved, and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets, and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology products, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing, and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

Intellectual property rights do not address all potential threats to any competitive advantage we may have.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and intellectual property rights may not adequately protect our business or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative:

Risks Related to the Offering and Ownership of the ADSs

The market price of the ADSs may be highly volatile.

Since our listing of the ADSs on the Nasdaq Capital Market on January 31, 2018 and which were previously quoted on the OTC from March 2015 to January 30, 2018, an active market has not developed. You may not be able to sell your ADSs quickly or at the market price if trading in the ADSs is not active.

The market price of the ADSs is likely to be volatile. Our ADS price could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to a variety of factors, including the following:

In addition, companies trading in the stock market in general, and life science companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. Broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our ordinary shares, regardless of our actual operating performance.

We may not be able to maintain our listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market.

Nasdaq has established certain standards for the continued listing of a security on the Nasdaq Capital Market. The standards for continued listing include, among other things, that the minimum bid price for the listed securities not fall below $1.00 per share for a period of 30 consecutive trading days and that we maintain a minimum of $2,500,000 in shareholders’ equity. In the future we may not satisfy the Nasdaq’s continued listing standards. If we do not satisfy any of the Nasdaq’s continued listing standards, our ADSs could be delisted. Any such delisting could adversely affect the market liquidity of our ADSs and the market price of our ADSs could decrease. A delisting could adversely affect our ability to obtain financing for our operations or result in a loss of confidence by investors, customers, suppliers or employees.

We incur significant additional costs as a result of being a public company subject to SEC reporting requirements in the United States, and our management is required to devote substantial additional time to new compliance initiatives as well as to compliance with ongoing United States reporting requirements.

As a U.S. public reporting company, we are incurring significant additional accounting, legal, and other expenses in the future. Our management and other personnel need to devote substantial time to the compliance requirements of being a U.S. public company; in addition, the implementation of such compliance processes and systems may require us to hire outside consultants and incur other significant costs. Any future changes in the laws and regulations affecting public companies in the United States and the rules and regulations adopted by the SEC and the Nasdaq Capital Market, for so long as they apply to us, will result in increased costs to us as we respond to such changes. These laws, rules, and regulations could make it more difficult or more costly for us to obtain certain types of insurance, including director and officer liability insurance, and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, on our board committees, if any, or as senior management.

Our principal shareholders, management and directors beneficially own a significant percentage of our ordinary shares and will be able to exert significant influence over matters subject to shareholder approval.

As of March 15, 2019, our senior management, directors, and five percent or more shareholders and their affiliates beneficially owned approximately 57% of our ordinary shares. These shareholders will be able to significantly influence all matters requiring shareholder approval, except for decisions that require a special majority at a shareholders’ meeting. For example, these shareholders, if they were to act together, may be able to significantly influence elections of directors (other than our external directors, within the meaning of Israeli law, as described under “Management—External Directors”), amendments of our organizational documents, or approval of any merger, sale of assets, or other major corporate transaction. This may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our ordinary shares that you may believe are in your best interest as one of our shareholders.

In addition, but for the application of blocker provisions in certain security instruments that subject the conversion or exercise of such instruments, as applicable, to 4.99% beneficial ownership limitations and the need to conduct a special tender offer if Alpha wishes to hold 25% or more of the voting rights in the Company, Alpha would beneficially own approximately 35% of our outstanding ordinary shares as of March 15, 2019. If Alpha were to convert or exercise such instruments to the maximum extent possible, absent such blocker provisions and special tender offer requirement, Alpha would have the ability to also obtain a substantial interest in our Company. This concentration and potential further concentration of ownership could have the effect of delaying a change in our control or otherwise discouraging a potential acquirer from attempting to obtain control of us, which could in turn have an adverse effect on the market price of our ordinary shares or ADSs or prevent our shareholders from realizing a premium over the then-prevailing market price for their ordinary shares or ADSs. Furthermore, because of the large number of shares that may be issued from time to time under security instruments issued to Alpha, Meitav Dash and Ami Sagy, there may be an adverse effect on the market because of the quantity and regularity of conversion and/or exercise and sale of those shares, or even the potential of those shares being sold. Therefore, there may be limited demand and excessive price and volume volatility.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, our shareholders could lose confidence in our financial and other public reporting, which would harm our business and the trading price of the ADSs.

Effective internal controls over financial reporting are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports. Together with adequate disclosure controls and procedures, effective internal controls are designed to prevent fraud. Any failure to implement required new or improved controls or difficulties encountered in their implementation could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. In addition, any testing by us conducted in connection with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, may reveal deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses, may require prospective or retroactive changes to our financial statements, or may identify other areas for further attention or improvement. Inferior internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of the ADSs.

We are required to disclose changes made in our internal controls and procedures on an annual basis and our management is required to assess the effectiveness of these controls annually. However, for as long as we are an “emerging growth company” under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years from the date of the first sale of our ADSs pursuant to an effective registration statement. An independent assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls could detect problems that our management’s assessment might not. Undetected material weaknesses in our internal controls could lead to financial statement restatements and require us to incur the expense of remediation. 

We are an “emerging growth company” and a “foreign private issuer,” and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies and foreign private issuers will make the ADSs less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in this Annual Report on Form 20-F and other periodic reports and proxy statements, extended transition periods for adopting new or revised accounting standards, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We will be an emerging growth company until the earliest of: (i) the last day of the fiscal year during which we had total annual gross revenues of $1.07 billion or more, (ii) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the first sale of the ADSs pursuant to an effective registration statement, (iii) the date on which we have, during the previous three-year period, issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt or (iv) the date on which we are deemed a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Regulation S-K under the Securities Act, which means the market value of our ordinary shares that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30th. Furthermore, as a foreign private issuer, we are not subject to the same requirements that are imposed upon U.S. domestic issuers by the SEC. Under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, we will be subject to reporting obligations that, in certain respects, are less detailed and less frequent than those of U.S. domestic reporting companies. For example, we will not be required to issue proxy statements that comply with the requirements applicable to U.S. domestic reporting companies. We will also have four months after the end of each fiscal year to file our Annual Reports with the SEC and will not be required to file current reports as frequently or promptly as U.S. domestic reporting companies. Furthermore, our officers, directors, and principal shareholders will be exempt from the requirements to report transactions in our equity securities and from the short-swing profit liability provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. These exemptions and leniencies, along with other corporate governance exemptions resulting from our ability to rely on home country rules, will reduce the frequency and scope of information and protections to which you may otherwise have been eligible in relation to U.S. domestic reporting companies. See “Item 16G. Corporate Governance Practices” for more information.

We cannot predict if investors will find the ADSs less attractive because we may rely on these reduced requirements. If some investors find the ADSs less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for the ADSs and our share price may be more volatile.

Sales of a substantial number of our ordinary shares or ADSs in the public market could cause our share price to fall.

If our existing shareholders sell, indicate an intention to sell, or the market perceives that they intend to sell, substantial amounts of our securities on the Nasdaq Capital Market after the date of this Annual Report on Form 20-F, the market price of our securities could decline significantly. As of March 15, 2019, we had 190,735,668 ordinary shares outstanding. Of those shares, 190,535,668 were freely tradable, without restriction. In addition, we have registered for resale up to 107,191,631 ordinary shares represented by 2,143,833 ADSs, which, subject to there being a current prospectus being available for the resale of those shares, may be sold from time to time in the public markets.

In addition, as of March 15, 2019, an aggregate of 179,328,608 ordinary shares, that are issuable pursuant to exercise of either outstanding options or outstanding warrants or outstanding pre-paid warrants, will become eligible for sale in the public market to the extent permitted by the provisions of various vesting schedules, and Rule 144 and Rule 701 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. If these additional ordinary shares are sold, or if it is perceived that they will be sold, in the public market, the market price of our ordinary shares could decline.

Future sales and issuances of our securities or rights to purchase securities, including pursuant to our equity incentive plans, could result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our shareholders and could cause the prices of our securities to fall.

Additional capital will be needed in the future to continue our planned operations. To the extent we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, our shareholders may experience substantial dilution. We may sell ordinary shares, ADSs, convertible securities, or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. If we sell ordinary shares, ADSs, convertible securities, or other equity securities in one or more transactions, existing investors may be materially diluted by subsequent sales, and new investors could gain rights superior to our existing shareholders.

Pursuant to our Share Ownership and Option Plan (2010), or the 2010 Plan, our management is authorized to grant share options and other equity-based awards to our employees, directors, and consultants. As of March 15, 2019, our officers, directors, employees and consultants hold 55,919,792 options to purchase 35,613,931 ordinary shares under the 2010 Plan. In addition, on January 30, 2019, our board of directors approved the grant of 17,019,500 options to purchase 17,019,500 ordinary shares, which are subject to shareholders approval.

If our board of directors elects to increase the number of shares available for future grant by the maximum amount each year, our shareholders may experience additional dilution, which could cause our share price to fall.

We do not intend to pay dividends on our securities in the foreseeable future, so any returns will be limited to the value of our shares.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our share capital. We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. Any return to shareholders will therefore be limited to the appreciation of their shares. In addition, Israeli law limits our ability to declare and pay dividends, and may subject our dividends to Israeli withholding taxes; see “Item 10.B. Memorandum and Articles of Association——Dividend and Liquidation Rights” for additional information. As a result, investors in the ADSs or ordinary shares will not be able to benefit from owning these securities unless their market price becomes greater than the price paid by such investors and they are able to sell such securities. We cannot assure you that you will ever be able to resell our securities at a price in excess of the price paid.

In the event we make distributions or dividends, you may not receive the same distributions or dividends as those we make to the holders of our ordinary shares, and, in some limited circumstances, you may not receive dividends or other distributions, or receive any value for them, if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to you.

The depositary for the ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on ordinary shares or other deposited securities underlying the ADSs, after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under the Securities Act, but that are not properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. In addition, conversion into U.S. dollars from foreign currency that was part of a dividend made with respect to deposited ordinary shares may require the approval or license of, or a filing with, any government or agency thereof, which may be unobtainable. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property and hold it as “deposited securities” or may seek to effect a substitute dividend or distribution, including net cash proceeds from the sale of the dividends that the depositary deems an equitable and practicable substitute. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws any ordinary shares, rights, or other securities made available through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights, or anything else to holders of ADSs. In addition, the depositary may withhold from such dividends or distributions its fees and an amount on account of taxes or other governmental charges to the extent the depositary believes it is required to make such withholding. This means that you may not receive the same distributions or dividends as those we make to the holders of our ordinary shares, and, in some limited circumstances, you may not receive any value for such distributions or dividends if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may cause a material decline in the value of the ADSs.

Holders of ADSs must act through the depositary to exercise their rights.

Holders of the ADSs do not have the same rights of our shareholders and may only exercise the voting rights with respect to the underlying ordinary shares in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement for the ADSs. In general, under Israeli law, the minimum notice period required to convene a shareholders’ meeting is no less than 35 or 21 calendar days, depending on the proposals on the agenda for the shareholders’ meeting. When a shareholders’ meeting is convened, holders of the ADSs may not receive sufficient notice of a shareholders’ meeting to permit them to withdraw their ordinary shares to allow them to cast their vote with respect to any specific matter. In addition, the depositary and its agents may not be able to send voting materials to holders of the ADSs or carry out their voting instructions in a timely manner. We will make all reasonable efforts to cause the depositary to extend voting rights to holders of the ADSs in a timely manner, but we cannot assure holders that they will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that they can instruct the depositary to vote their ADSs. Furthermore, the depositary and its agents will not be responsible for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote, for the manner in which any vote is cast or for the effect of any such vote. As a result, holders of the ADSs may not be able to exercise their right to vote, and they may lack recourse if their ADSs are not voted as they requested. In addition, in the capacity as a holder of ADSs, they will not be able to call a shareholders’ meeting.

You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer, or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deems it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body or for any other reason in accordance with the terms of the deposit agreement.

Your percentage ownership in us may be diluted by future issuances of share capital, which could reduce your influence over matters on which shareholders vote.

Our board of directors will have the authority, in most cases without action or vote of our shareholders, to issue all or any part of our authorized but unissued shares, including ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options and warrants. Issuances of additional shares would reduce your influence over matters on which our shareholders vote.

If equity research analysts do not publish research reports about our business or if they issue unfavorable commentary or downgrade the ADSs, the price of the ADSs could decline.

The trading market for the ADSs will rely in part on the research and reports that equity research analysts publish about us and our business. The price of the ADSs could decline if we do not obtain research analyst coverage or if one or more securities analysts downgrade the ADSs, issue other unfavorable commentary, or cease publishing reports about us or our business.

Risks Related to Our Operations in Israel

We are a “foreign private issuer” and intend to follow certain home country corporate governance practices, and our shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all corporate governance requirements under the listing rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC, or the Nasdaq Listing Rules.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of those otherwise required under the Nasdaq Stock Market for domestic U.S. issuers. For instance, we follow home country practice in Israel with regard to the quorum requirement for shareholder meetings. As permitted under the Companies Law, our articles of association provide that the quorum for any meeting of shareholders shall be the presence of at least two shareholders present in person, by proxy, or by a voting instrument, who hold at least 20% of the voting power of our shares. In addition, we will follow home country practices in Israel (and consequently avoid the requirements that would otherwise apply to a U.S. company listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market) with regard to the requirement to obtain shareholder approval for certain dilutive events (such as for the establishment or amendment of certain equity-based compensation plans, issuances that will result in a change of control of the company, certain transactions other than a public offering involving issuances of a 20% or more interest in the company, and certain acquisitions of the stock or assets of another company). We may in the future (or may be required to) elect to follow home country practices in Israel with regard to other matters, as well, such as the formation of compensation, nominating, and governance committees, separate executive sessions of independent directors and non-management directors, amending our compensation policy from time to time, and the approval of certain interested-parties transactions. Following our home country governance practices as opposed to the requirements that would otherwise apply to a U.S. company listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market may provide less protection to you than what is accorded to investors under the Nasdaq Listing Rules applicable to domestic U.S. issuers. See “Item 16G. Corporate Governance Practices” for more information.

In addition, as a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules and regulations under the Exchange Act related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements, including the requirement for an emerging growth company to disclose the compensation of the chief executive officer and other two highest compensated executive officers on an individual, rather than aggregate, basis. Under regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, we will be required to disclose in the notice for our annual meetings of shareholders, the annual compensation of our five most highly compensated officers on an individual basis, rather than aggregate. However, this disclosure will not be as extensive as the disclosure required by a U.S. domestic issuer. We will also have four months after the end of each fiscal year to file our annual reports with the SEC and will not be required to file current reports as frequently or promptly as U.S. domestic reporting companies. Furthermore as a foreign private issuer, our officers, directors and principal shareholders will be exempt from the requirements to report short-swing profit recovery contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. Also, as a foreign private issuer, we are not subject to the requirements of Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) promulgated under the Exchange Act. These exemptions and leniencies will reduce the frequency and scope of information and protections available to you in comparison to those applicable to U.S. domestic reporting companies.

In order to maintain our current status as a foreign private issuer, more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities must not be directly or indirectly owned by residents of the U.S., and we must not have any of the following: (i) a majority of our executive officers or directors being U.S. citizens or residents, (ii) more than 50% of our assets being located in the U.S., or (iii) our business being principally administered in the U.S. Although we have elected to comply with certain U.S. regulatory provisions, our loss of foreign private issuer status would make such provisions mandatory. The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws as a U.S. domestic reporting company may be significantly higher. If we are not a foreign private issuer, we will be required to file periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic reporting company forms with the SEC, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We may also be required to modify certain of our policies to comply with accepted governance practices associated with U.S. domestic reporting companies. Such conversion and modifications will involve additional costs. In addition, we may lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements on U.S. stock exchanges that are available to foreign private issuers.

Potential political, economic, and military instability in the State of Israel, where the majority of our senior management and our research and development facilities are located, may adversely impact our results of operations.

We are incorporated under Israeli law and our offices and operations are located in the State of Israel. In addition, our employees, officers, and all but three of our directors are residents of Israel. Accordingly, political, economic, and military conditions in Israel directly affect our business. Since the State of Israel was established in 1948, a number of armed conflicts have occurred between Israel and its neighboring countries. Any hostilities involving Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its present trading partners, or a significant downturn in the economic or financial condition of Israel, could adversely impact our operations. Since October 2000, there have been increasing occurrences of terrorist violence. Ongoing and revived hostilities or other Israeli political or economic factors could harm our operations, product development and results of operations.

Although Israel has entered into various agreements with Egypt, Jordan, and the Palestinian Authority, there has been an increase in unrest and terrorist activity, which began in October 2000 and has continued with varying levels of severity. The establishment in 2006 of a government in the Gaza Strip by representatives of the Hamas militant group has created additional unrest and uncertainty in the region. In 2006, a conflict between Israel and the Hezbollah in Lebanon resulted in thousands of rockets being fired from Lebanon up to 50 miles into Israel. Starting in December 2008, for approximately three weeks, Israel engaged in an armed conflict with Hamas in the Gaza Strip, which involved missile strikes against civilian targets in various parts of Israel and negatively affected business conditions in Israel. In November 2012, for approximately one week, Israel experienced a similar armed conflict, resulting in hundreds of rockets being fired from the Gaza Strip and disrupting most day-to-day civilian activity in southern Israel. Most recently, in July 2014, Israel yet again experienced rocket strikes against civilian targets in various parts of Israel, as part of an armed conflict commenced between Israel and Hamas. If continued or resumed, these hostilities may negatively affect business conditions in Israel in general and our business in particular. Our insurance policies do not cover us for the damages incurred in connection with these conflicts or for any resulting disruption in our operations. The Israeli government, as a matter of law, provides coverage for the reinstatement value of direct damages that are caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war; however, the government may cease providing such coverage or the coverage might not be enough to cover potential damages. In the event that hostilities disrupt the ongoing operation of our facilities or the airports and seaports on which we depend to import and export our supplies and products, our operations may be materially adversely affected.

In addition, since the end of 2010, numerous acts of protest and civil unrest have taken place in several countries in the Middle East and North Africa, many of which involved significant violence. The civil unrest in Egypt, which borders Israel, resulted in the resignation of its president Hosni Mubarak, and to significant changes to the country’s government. In Syria, also bordering Israel, a civil war is continuing to take place. The ultimate effect of these developments on the political and security situation in the Middle East and on Israel’s position within the region is not clear at this time. Such instability may lead to deterioration in the political and trade relationships that exist between the State of Israel and certain other countries.

Popular uprisings in various countries in the Middle East and North Africa are affecting the political stability of those countries. Such instability may lead to deterioration in the political and trade relationships that exist between the State of Israel and these countries. Several countries, principally in the Middle East, still restrict doing business with Israel and Israeli companies, and additional countries may impose restrictions on doing business with Israel and Israeli companies if hostilities in Israel or political instability in the region continues or increases. Any hostilities involving Israel, interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its present trading partners, or significant downturns in the economic or financial condition of Israel could adversely affect our operations and product development and adversely affect our share price. Similarly, Israeli companies are limited in conducting business with entities from several countries. For instance, in 2008, the Israeli legislature passed a law forbidding any investments in entities that transact business with Iran.

In addition, Iran has threatened to attack Israel and is widely believed to be developing nuclear weapons. Iran is also believed to have a strong influence among extremist groups in the region, such as Hamas in Gaza, Hezbollah in Lebanon, and various rebel militia groups in Syria. Additionally, a violent jihadist group named Islamic State of Iraq and Levant, or ISIL, is involved in hostilities in Iraq and Syria. Although ISIL’s activities have not directly affected the political and economic conditions in Israel, ISIL’s stated purpose is to take control of the Middle East, including Israel. These situations may potentially escalate in the future to more violent events, which may affect Israel and us. Any armed conflicts, terrorist activities, or political instability in the region could adversely affect business conditions and could harm our results of operations and could make it more difficult for us to raise capital. Parties with whom we do business may decline to travel to Israel during periods of heightened unrest or tension, forcing us to make alternative arrangements when necessary in order to meet our business partners face to face. In addition, the political and security situation in Israel may result in parties with whom we have agreements involving performance in Israel claiming that they are not obligated to perform their commitments under those agreements pursuant to force majeure provisions in such agreements. Further, in the past, the State of Israel and Israeli companies have been subjected to economic boycotts. Several countries still restrict business with the State of Israel and with Israeli companies. These restrictive laws and policies may have an adverse impact on our operating results, financial condition, or the expansion of our business.

Our operations may be disrupted by the obligations of personnel to perform military service.

As of March 15, 2019, we had 42 employees, all of whom were based in Israel. Some of our employees may be called upon to perform up to 36 days (and in some cases more) of annual military reserve duty until they reach the age of 40 (and in some cases, up to 45 or older) and, in emergency circumstances, could be called to immediate and unlimited active duty. In the event of severe unrest or other conflict, individuals could be required to serve in the military for extended periods of time. Since September 2000, in response to increased tension and hostilities, there have been occasional call-ups of military reservists, including in connection with the 2006 conflict in Lebanon, and the December 2008, November 2012 and July 2014 conflicts with Hamas, and it is possible that there will be additional call-ups in the future. Our operations could be disrupted by the absence of a significant number of our employees related to military service or the absence for extended periods of one or more of our key employees for military service. Such disruption could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations. Additionally, the absence of a significant number of the employees of our Israeli suppliers and contractors related to military service or the absence for extended periods of one or more of their key employees for military service may disrupt their operations.

The tax benefits that are available to us if and when we generate taxable income require us to meet various conditions and may be prevented or reduced in the future, which could increase our costs and taxes.

If and when we generate taxable income, we may be eligible for certain tax benefits provided to “Preferred Enterprises” under the Israeli Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 5719-1959, as amended, or the Investment Law. The benefits that may be available to us under the Investment Law are subject to the fulfillment of conditions stipulated in the Investment Law. Further, in the future these tax benefits may be reduced or discontinued. If these tax benefits are reduced, cancelled, or discontinued, our Israeli taxable income would be subject to regular Israeli corporate tax rates. The standard corporate tax rate for Israeli companies is currently 23%. Additionally, if we increase our activities outside of Israel through acquisitions, for example, our expanded activities might not be eligible for inclusion in future Israeli tax benefit programs. See “Item 10.E. Taxation—Israeli Tax Considerations and Government Programs—Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 5719-1959.”

It may be difficult to enforce a U.S. judgment against us, our officers and directors, and the Israeli experts named in this Annual Report on Form 20-F in Israel or the United States, or to assert U.S. securities laws claims in Israel or serve process on our officers and directors and these experts.

We were incorporated in Israel, and our corporate headquarters and substantially all of our operations are located in Israel. All of our senior management and a majority of our directors are located outside the United States. All of our assets are located outside the United States. Therefore, it may be difficult for an investor, or any other person or entity, to enforce a U.S. court judgment based upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us or any of these persons in a U.S. or Israeli court, or to effect service of process upon these persons in the United States. Additionally, it may be difficult for an investor, or any other person or entity, to assert U.S. securities law claims in original actions instituted in Israel. Israeli courts may refuse to hear a claim based on an alleged violation of U.S. securities laws against us or our officers and directors on the grounds that Israel is not the most appropriate forum in which to bring such a claim. Even if an Israeli court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that Israeli law and not U.S. law is applicable to the claim. If U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proved as a fact by expert witnesses, which can be a time-consuming and costly process. Certain matters of procedure would be governed by Israeli law. There is little binding case law in Israel addressing the matters described above.

Your rights and responsibilities as our shareholder will be governed by Israeli law, which may differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of U.S. corporations.

Because we are incorporated under Israeli law, the rights and responsibilities of our shareholders are governed by our articles of association and Israeli law. These rights and responsibilities differ in some material respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of U.S. corporations. In particular, a shareholder of an Israeli company has a duty to act in good faith and in a customary manner in exercising its rights and performing its obligations towards the company and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing its power in the company, including, among other things, in voting at the general meeting of shareholders on certain matters, such as an amendment to the company’s articles of association, an increase of the company’s authorized share capital, a merger of the company, and approval of related party transactions that require shareholder approval. A shareholder also has a general duty to refrain from discriminating against other shareholders. In addition, a controlling shareholder or a shareholder who knows that it possesses the power to determine the outcome of a shareholder vote or to appoint or prevent the appointment of an officer of the company has a duty to act in fairness towards the company with regard to such vote or appointment. However, Israeli law does not define the substance of this duty of fairness. There is limited case law available to assist us in understanding the nature of this duty or the implications of these provisions. These provisions may be interpreted to impose additional obligations and liabilities on our shareholders that are not typically imposed on shareholders of U.S. corporations. See “Item 6.C. Board Practices—Approval of Related Party Transactions under Israeli Law—Shareholders’ Duties.”

Provisions of Israeli law and our amended and restated articles of association could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us or increase the cost of acquiring us, even if doing so would benefit our shareholders.

Israeli law regulates mergers, requires tender offers for acquisitions of shares above specified thresholds, requires special approvals for transactions involving directors, officers, or significant shareholders and regulates other matters that may be relevant to such types of transactions. For example, a tender offer for all of a company’s issued and outstanding shares, or a Full Tender Offer, can only be completed if the acquirer receives approval of the holders of at least 95% of the issued share capital. Completion of the Full Tender Offer also requires approval of a majority of the offerees that do not have a personal interest in the tender offer, unless at least 98% of the company’s outstanding shares are tendered. Furthermore, the shareholders, including those who indicated their acceptance of the Full Tender Offer (unless the acquirer stipulated in its tender offer that a shareholder that accepts the offer may not seek appraisal rights), may, at any time within six months following the completion of the tender offer, petition an Israeli court to alter the consideration for the acquisition. In case the Full Tender Offer has not been accepted by the required threshold, the offeror is limited to acquire shares that will confer on the offeror a holding of not more than 90% of the issued share capital of the company. See “Item 10.B. Memorandum and Articles of Association—Acquisitions under Israeli Law” for additional information.

Further, Israeli tax considerations may make potential transactions undesirable to us or to some of our shareholders whose country of residence does not have a tax treaty with Israel granting tax relief to such shareholders from Israeli tax. For example, Israeli tax law does not recognize tax-free share exchanges to the same extent as U.S. tax law. With respect to mergers, Israeli tax law allows for tax deferral in certain circumstances but makes the deferral contingent on the fulfillment of a number of conditions, including, in some cases, a holding period of two years from the date of the transaction during which sales and dispositions of shares of the participating companies are subject to certain restrictions. Moreover, with respect to certain share swap transactions, the tax deferral is limited in time, and when such time expires, the tax becomes payable even if no disposition of the shares has occurred.

We have received grants from the IIA for certain research and development expenditures. The terms of these grants may require us to satisfy specified conditions in order to manufacture products and transfer technologies outside of Israel. For more information, see “—Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Capital Requirements—The IIA grants we have received for research and development expenditures restrict our ability to manufacture products and transfer know-how outside of Israel and require us to satisfy specified conditions.”

We may be classified as a passive foreign investment company for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and our U.S. shareholders may suffer adverse tax consequences as a result.

Generally, if, for any taxable year, either, at least 75% of our gross income is passive income (including our pro-rata share of the gross income of our 25% or more-owned corporate subsidiaries), or at least 50% of the average value of our assets (including our pro-rata share of the assets of our 25% or more-owned corporate subsidiaries) is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income, we would be characterized as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, and gains from disposition of passive assets and rents and royalties.

If we are characterized as a PFIC for any taxable year (or portion thereof) that is included in the holding period of a U.S. holder (as defined below) of our securities, such U.S. holder generally will be subject to certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences, including increased tax liability on gains from dispositions of our securities and certain distributions and a requirement to file annual reports with the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS. See “Item 10.E. Taxation—Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences—Passive Foreign Investment Company Consequences.”

Since PFIC status depends on the composition of our income and the composition and value of our assets (which may be determined in large part by reference to the market value of our ordinary shares, which may be volatile) from time to time, there can be no assurance that we will not be considered a PFIC for any taxable year. However, based on our non-passive revenue-producing operations for the year ended December 31, 2018, we do not expect to be a PFIC for our 2018 taxable year. Because the PFIC determination is highly fact intensive, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC in 2019 or any other year.

U.S. investors are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the possible application of the PFIC rules. For more information, see “Item 10.E. Taxation—Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences—Passive Foreign Investment Company Consequences.”

Our facilities in Israel are subject to local Business Licensing and Planning and Zoning regulations and we may be subject to fines if not complied with.

Under the Israeli Licensing of Businesses Law, to which our production site and offices and laboratories are subject, operating a business without a license or temporary permit is a criminal offense. We have a business license for our laboratories and offices, in effect until December 31, 2019. We also have a business license for our plant growth and production site at Yessod Hama’ala, in effect until November 3, 2019. In addition, our production sites and laboratories are subject to the Israeli Planning and Zoning Law, which sets provisions and obligations, inter alia, regarding the licensing process for a new building, including building permits, non-conforming use and easements, the supervision over its construction, and the required occupancy permits. According to the Planning and Zoning Law, work or use of land without a permit, where such permit is required, a deviation from the permit granted, or use of agricultural land in violation of the law constitute criminal offenses.

CollPlant is a regenerative medicine company focused on 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs, dermal filers for aesthetics, and on developing and commercializing tissue repair products for orthobiologics, and advanced wound care markets. Our products are based on our rhCollagen (recombinant human collagen) that is produced with CollPlant’s proprietary plant based genetic engineering technology.

Our legal and commercial name is CollPlant Holdings Ltd. We hold all of the issued and outstanding shares of CollPlant Ltd. and have no holdings in other companies. CollPlant Ltd. was incorporated in Israel on August 12, 2004 as a private company limited by shares and began its operations as a technology incubator company under the IIA’s technology incubators program. CollPlant Ltd. owns all of our intellectual property.

We were incorporated in Israel on November 9, 1981 as a private company limited by shares. We became a public company in 1993, when all of our ordinary shares were listed on the TASE. On January 31, 2018, our ADSs commenced trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “CLGN”. The ADSs were quoted on the OTCQX from March 2015 to May 25, 2017, and quoted on the OTCQB from May 26, 2017 to January 30, 2018. Our name has changed several times, but has been CollPlant Holdings Ltd. since May 30, 2010, immediately after the consummation of the merger transaction with CollPlant Ltd. We delisted our ordinary shares from the TASE, and the last date of trading of our ordinary shares was on October 29, 2018.

Our principal offices are located at 4 Oppenheimer, Weizmann Science Park,  Rehovot 7670104, Israel, and our telephone number is +972-73-232-5600. Our primary internet address is http://www.CollPlant.com. None of the information on our website is incorporated by reference herein. Puglisi & Associates serves as our agent for service of process in the United States for certain limited matters, and its address is 850 Library Avenue, Suite 204, Newark, Delaware 19711.

We use our website (http://www.CollPlant.com) as a channel of distribution of Company information. The information we post on our website may be deemed material. Accordingly, investors should monitor our website, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings and public conference calls and webcasts. The contents of our website are not, however, a part of this Annual Report.

We are an emerging growth company, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as implemented under the JOBS Act. As such, we are eligible to, and intend to, take advantage of certain exemptions from reporting requirements that generally apply to public companies, including the auditor attestation requirements with respect to internal control over financial reporting under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, compliance with new standards adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board which may require mandatory audit firm rotation or auditor discussion and analysis, exemption from say on pay, say on frequency, and say on golden parachute voting requirements, and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements. We will be an emerging growth company until the earliest of: (i) the last day of the fiscal year during which we had total annual gross revenues of $1.07 billion or more, (ii) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the first sale of the ADSs pursuant to an effective registration statement, (iii) the date on which we have, during the previous three-year period, issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt, or (iv) the date on which we are deemed a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Regulation S-K under the Securities Act, which means the market value of our ordinary shares that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30th. 

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from certain rules and regulations under the Exchange Act that are applicable to other public companies that are not foreign private issuers. For example, although we intend to report our financial results on a quarterly basis, we will not be required to issue quarterly reports, proxy statements that comply with the requirements applicable to U.S. domestic reporting companies, or individual executive compensation information that is as detailed as that required of U.S. domestic reporting companies. We will also have four months after the end of each fiscal year to file our annual report with the SEC and will not be required to file current reports as frequently or promptly as U.S. domestic reporting companies. We may also present financial statements pursuant to International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, instead of pursuant to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP. Our senior management, directors, and principal shareholders will be exempt from the requirements to report transactions in our equity securities and from the short-swing profit liability provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. As a foreign private issuer, we will also not be subject to the requirements of Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) promulgated under the Exchange Act.

Our capital expenditures for December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 amounted to NIS 3.0 million (approximately $800,000), NIS 447,000 (approximately $129,000) and NIS 492,000 (approximately $128,000), respectively. Our purchases of fixed assets primarily include laboratory equipment and establishment of our production site in Rehovot. We financed these expenditures primarily from cash on hand.

Overview

We are a regenerative medicine company focused on developing and commercializing tissue repair products, initially for three-dimensional, or 3D, bioprinting of tissues and organs, dermal fillers for aesthetics, orthobiologics and advanced wound care markets. Our products are based on our rhCollagen, a form of human collagen produced with our proprietary plant-based genetic engineering technology. We believe our technology is the only commercially viable technology available for the production of genetically engineered, or recombinant, human collagen. We believe that our rhCollagen, though laboratory-derived, is identical to the type I collagen produced by the human body, has significant advantages compared to currently marketed tissue-derived collagens, including improved biological function, high homogeneity, and reduced risk of immune response. We believe the attributes of our rhCollagen make it suitable for numerous tissue repair applications throughout the human body. We believe that the annual market size for our BioInk, VergenixSTR, VergenixFG and our dermal filler exceeded $8 billion in 2016, and is estimated to reach $12 billion in 2024. 

Our rhCollagen has superior biological function when compared to any tissue-derived collagens, whether from animal or human tissues, according to data published in peer-reviewed scientific publications. Our rhCollagen can be fabricated in different forms and shapes including gels, pastes, sponges, sheets, membranes, fibers, and thin coats, all of which have been tested in vitro and in animal models and proven superior to tissue-derived products. We have demonstrated that, due to its homogeneity, rhCollagen can produce fibers and membranes with high molecular order, meaning there is high molecular alignment, which enables the formation of tissue repair products with distinctive physical properties. We produce our rhCollagen in genetically engineered tobacco plants, assuring a relatively abundant supply of high quality raw materials.

Our three leading rhCollagen-based products are:

Collagen and Collagen-Based Products

Collagen is the main component of connective tissue and is the most abundant protein in mammals. In humans, it comprises approximately 30% of the protein found in the body. Due to its unique characteristics and diverse profile in human body functions, collagen is frequently selected from a variety of biocompatible materials for use in tissue repair to support structural integrity, induce cellular infiltration and promote healing. We estimate that by 2024, the size of the market for human collagen-based tissue repair with our BioInk, VergenixSTR, VergenixFG and our dermal filler for use in 3D bioprinting, aesthetics, orthobiologics and advanced wound care applications is estimated to reach approximately $12 billion.

Type I collagen is the most abundant form of collagen in the human body. It is the dominant constituent of connective tissue and serves as the primary scaffold in tissue or organ repair processes, making it a logical choice for regenerative medicine products. It is found in tendons, skin, artery walls, corneas, the endomysium surrounding muscle fibers, fibrocartilage, and the organic part of bones and teeth. Type II collagen is primarily found in articular cartilage. Type III collagen, which is produced quickly by young fibroblasts before the tougher type I collagen is synthesized, is found in granulation tissue such as artery walls, skin, intestines, and the uterus. While there may be some niche applications in the future where type III or possibly type II collagen is appropriate, type I collagen is best suited for applications associated with regenerative medicine because of its essential role in the healing process of bones, skin, and tendons. Type III recombinant human collagen is currently available for the research market, and is not used in any products currently approved for medical use.

Disadvantages of Current Collagen-Based Products

Currently, type I collagen for medical use is primarily derived from bovine (cow) and porcine (pig) sources, as well as from human cadavers. It is extracted from the tissues using mechanical processes and chemical treatments. Tissue-derived collagens suffer from a number of disadvantages:

Advantages of our rhCollagen and rhCollagen-based Products

All of our products are based on our proprietary recombinant type I human collagen, rhCollagen, though laboratory-derived, is identical to the type I collagen produced by the human body. The graphic below illustrates the structural differences between rhCollagen produced with our proprietary plant-based technology and currently marketed tissue-derived collagens.

The key advantages of products using our rhCollagen, as compared to those using collagen derived from animals or human cadaveric tissue, include:

We believe the clinical attributes of our rhCollagen will translate into benefits for patients, payors, and physicians, and will be adopted rapidly by the market once our products receive regulatory approval. We believe the improved biofunctionality of our products could lead to faster recovery, better clinical outcomes, and reduced hospitalization time. Our in vivo studies have shown faster tissue remodeling, faster wound closure, and reduced scarring compared to competing products made from tissue-derived collagen.

The advantages of our rhCollagen outlined above have been demonstrated through in vitro testing and in preclinical animal studies, and are based on the performance of rhCollagen alone. The performance demonstrated in these studies is not necessarily indicative of the performance of our products which contain rhCollagen. We cannot assure you that the same advantages of rhCollagen will be seen in clinical testing of our products containing rhCollagen.

We can produce our rhCollagen cost-effectively and have access to an abundant supply of raw materials. Tobacco is a relatively easy plant to grow, and can be cultivated in a wide range of climates and soils. The tobacco plant is an extremely hardy plant, may be grown in very large volumes and its growth time to reach desired maturity is relatively short (about eight weeks). Under our current production technology, we are able to achieve a cost of goods that allows us to offer products at prices that are competitive with tissue-derived collagen. We are advancing a new production process that will result in labor cost reductions and higher yields, assuring an abundant raw material supply as demand for our rhCollagen increases.

Collagen-based products are already used extensively in the marketplace; therefore, we expect our products will likely be eligible for reimbursement by third-party payors, including government agencies and insurance companies. We believe that the demand for tissue-derived collagen will decrease as the market recognizes the significant advantages of our rhCollagen.

Our Market Opportunity

Our rhCollagen represents a platform for the development of products addressing significant opportunities in multiple therapeutic, aesthetic, and other medical markets. We are initially focused on BioInk for use in the 3D printing of tissues and organs, dermal fillers for aesthetics, orthobiologics and advanced wound care markets.

We also see a significant opportunity to use our rhCollagen platform to develop products to address additional indications in these markets as well as in new markets, including cardiovascular, aesthetics to develop next generation of dermal fillers and breast implants, and ophthalmic markets. We believe that the potential addressable market opportunity for products using our technology is even greater than the market size served by currently available collagen-based products, mainly due to continued unmet medical needs and the shortcomings of tissue-derived collagen.

BioInk for 3D printing of tissues & organs

Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering have seen unprecedented growth in the past decade, driving the field of artificial tissue models towards a revolution in future medicine. Progress has been achieved through the development of innovative biomanufacturing strategies to pattern and assemble cells and extracellular matrix, or ECM, in three dimensions to create functional tissue constructs. Bioprinting has emerged as a promising 3D biomanufacturing technology, enabling precise control over spatial and temporal distribution of cells and ECM. Bioprinting technology can be used to engineer artificial tissues and organs by producing scaffolds with controlled spatial heterogeneity of physical properties, cellular composition, and ECM organization. This innovative approach is increasingly utilized in biomedicine, and has potential to create artificial functional constructs for drug screening and toxicology research, as well as tissue and organ transplantation.

Grand View Research Inc. in a report published in March 2018 notes that the global 3D bioprinting market size was valued at $682 million in 2016 and that the global market was expected to reach $2.6 billion by 2024. The growth of the global market is largely driven by increasing large demand of tissues and organs for transplantation and the innovations and advancements in technology for 3D bioprinting. A large number of people across the globe are waiting for an organ or tissue transplant, due to the large gap in demand for organ transplants and donors. This has created traction in the 3D bioprinting industry for developing live tissues and organs. Different companies along with academic institutes and laboratories are investing capital for 3D bioprinting research and development. Some of the other factors driving the growth of the global market include increasing research and development activities and increasing compliance for 3D bioprinting in drug discovery processes. Growing stem cell research and increasing adoption of 3D bioprinting in cosmetic industry are expected to create ample growth opportunities for the global market.

Orthobiologics Market

The global orthopedic device market size is expected to reach USD 47.7 billion by 2026, according to the study performed by Grand View Research, Inc. and published in 2018. The market is anticipated to expand at a CAGR of 3.1% over the forecast period. An aging population, active demographics, innovative technology, and emerging geographic areas are expected to continue to drive growth in the global orthopedic market. Top market segments within orthopedics include reconstructive devices, such as joint replacements; spinal implants and instruments, used to treat joint pain; fracture repair, including the use of plates and screws; and arthroscopy and soft tissue repair, primarily for sports and movement related injuries.

Chronic complex musculoskeletal injuries that are slow to heal pose challenges to physicians and patients alike. Orthobiologics use cell-based therapies and biomaterials to help injuries heal more rapidly with a superior outcome. These products are made from substances that are naturally found in the body, which dynamically interact with the musculoskeletal system to facilitate the healing of bone, cartilage, meniscus, tendons, and ligaments affected by disease or injury. Orthobiologics products are spread across all segments of the larger orthopedic market, generating much of the growth within orthopedics. In 2018, market report issued by Credence Research, Inc. “Orthobiologics Market – Growth, Future Prospects, Competitive Analysis, 2018 – 2026,” the global Orthobiologics market was expected at $4.9 billion in 2017 increasing at a CAGR of 5.7% from 2018 to 2026.

The orthobiologics market is segmented as follows:

It is estimated that bone and joint disorders account for approximately half of all chronic conditions in individuals above 50 years of age in developed countries, and they are the most common cause of severe, long-term pain and disability. Moreover, the U.S. population aged 60 years and above is projected to increase by 33% this decade, which represents a key driver of this market as elderly patients are slower to heal and more in need of products that enhance and speed recovery. A rise in the geriatric population along with lifestyle changes such as increased obesity and growing participation in sports and outdoor activities among the older as well as younger generation all contribute to the increase in musculoskeletal disorders.

Advanced Wound Care Market

The global market for wound care encompasses traditional dressings and bandages, as well as advanced wound care products such as bioengineered skin and skin substitutes and wound care growth factors. Over the past 30 years, there has been a shift from traditional wound dressings towards advanced therapies that aim to optimize the wound healing environment. Advanced wound care is composed of biocompatible products that are intended to actively promote wound healing by interacting either directly or indirectly with wound tissues. Attempts to reduce the duration of hospital stays in order to limit healthcare costs and the goal of enhancing therapeutic outcomes are driving the demand for advanced wound care and closure products. One of the primary market drivers for advanced wound care products is the increasing incidence of chronic wounds, which are on the rise due to an aging population and a sharp rise in the incidence of diabetes and obesity worldwide. Both advanced age and chronic medical conditions are associated with a slower healing process, and all phases of wound healing are affected. The inflammatory response is decreased or delayed, as is the proliferative response.

The global advanced wound care market is expected to reach $11.5 billion in 2025 from $8.2 billion in 2017. The market is estimated to grow with a CAGR of 4.5% from 2016-2025, according to ResearchAndMarkets July 2018 report. The three major market segments are device-based wound care, comprised of negative-pressure wound therapy and hydrosurgery systems; moist wound care, comprised of dressings that create and maintain a moist environment; and biologics, comprised of bioactive technologies that provide new approaches to debridement and dermal repair and regeneration.

With a wide range of dressings to choose from, dressing selection is a significant challenge for wound care clinicians. The ideal dressing should induce rapid healing at reasonable cost with minimal inconvenience to the patient. In a healing wound, a cascade of events occurs that includes platelet accumulation, inflammation, fibroblast proliferation, cell contraction, angiogenesis, and re-epithelization, ultimately leading to scar formation and wound remodeling. Collagen plays an important role in each of these phases of wound healing. Native intact collagen provides a natural scaffold or substrate for new tissue growth. Dressings containing collagen are thought to provide the wound with an alternative collagen source that is degraded over time, leaving the endogenous native collagen to continue normal wound healing.

Biological wound dressings have the benefit of forming part of the natural tissue matrix and some of them play an important role in natural wound healing and new tissue formation. These characteristics make them the most attractive and fastest growing segment of the overall advanced wound care market with anticipated double digit growth in upcoming years. In certain instances, these bioactive matrices are incorporated with compounds such as growth factors and antimicrobials for delivery to the wound site. There are a number of biological wound care dressings available that incorporate tissue-derived collagen to enhance wound bed preparation.

Our Strategy

We plan to exploit the unique characteristics of our rhCollagen to develop and commercialize an extensive portfolio of regenerative medicine products. The key elements of our strategy include the following:

Our Products

BioInk for 3D printing of tissues & organs

3D bioprinting is being applied to the field of regenerative medicine to address the need for complex scaffolds, tissues, and organs that are suitable for transplantation. We have developed rhCollagen-based BioInks that are optimized and provides an ideal building block for the three-dimensional bioprinting of tissues and organs.

For that purpose, rhCollagen was modified chemically to adapt the biological molecules for printing such that BioInks keep a controlled fluidity during printing and cure to form hydrogels when irradiated by certain light sources ranging from UV to visible light. The unique viscosity and shear thinning properties of the modified rhCollagen enable the formulation of BioInks that are suitable for different printing technologies including extrusion, ink-jet, Laser Induced Forward Transfer and Stereolithography. The control of chemical modification in combination with illumination energy allows tight control of the physical properties of the resulting scaffolds to match natural tissue properties, from stiff cartilage to soft adipose. BioInks formulated from rhCollagen were evaluated with all major currently available printing technologies and exhibited the required physical properties and excellent support for cells including a series of primary and differentiated human cells.

We believe our BioInk offers ideal characteristics for 3D bioprinting, including:

We have initiated several research collaborations with biotechnology and medical device companies, as well as academic and research institutions. These collaborations include development of technology for 3D bioprinting of life-saving organs and different tissues, such as cornea, using our BioInk formulations. Our collaborations are generally structured such that our partners provide research funding and purchasing of our BioInk to cover the scope of work, in part or in full. This funding is typically reflected as collaboration revenues in our financial statements. Upon entering into a collaboration, we disclose the financial details only to the extent that they are material to our business and not subject to confidentiality agreements with our partners. Research collaborations with academic or research institutions typically involve both us and the academic partner contributing resources directly to projects, but also may involve sponsored research agreements where we fund specific research programs.

In May 2017, we created a division focused on development of our rhCollagen-based BioInk, following the expansion of our research activities in the field of 3D biologic printing of organs and tissues.

In October 2017, we entered into a work plan with one of the world’s leading medical device companies to develop a prototype of 3D-printed orthopedic implant based on our rhCollagen-based BioInk, and collaboration on this is continuing.

On October 19, 2018, CollPlant entered into the United License Agreement with LB, pursuant to which CollPlant and LB will collaborate in the development of engineered lungs or lung substitutes using our rhCollagen and BioInk. Pursuant to the United License Agreement, CollPlant granted to LB and its affiliates, an exclusive, perpetual, royalty-bearing and transferable license of our technology relating to the production and use of our rhCollagen and BioInk for the commercialization of engineered lungs or lung substitutes using 3D bioprinting processes throughout the universe. Further, under the United License Agreement, CollPlant granted to LB and its affiliates, a two-year option to extend the license to engineered organs or organ substitutes of up to three additional organs specified in the United License Agreement (each an “Option Product” and together with lungs, the “Covered Products”). Further, at the end of the option period, LB and its affiliates shall have a one-year right of first refusal to receive an exclusive license under our technology relating to the production and use of our rhCollagen and BioInk for the Option Products. Other than under the United License Agreement, CollPlant has agreed not to conduct, enable or fund any research, development or commercialization, or grant any license, with respect to the Covered Products during the term of the United License Agreement, unless with respect to any Option Product, the option is not exercised and the right of first refusal period expires.

The United License Agreement provides that LB will purchase our BioInk on a non-exclusive basis for use in the development and manufacture of Covered Products and for up to the first two years of the United License Agreement, CollPlant will supply LB with a specified limited quantity of BioInk without charge. The United License Agreement further provides that following effectiveness, LB will build a facility, or engage a manufacturer to build a facility, in the U.S. for the manufacture of our rhCollagen and BioInk and the parties have agreed to collaborate in the design and construction of the facility.

The United License Agreement provides for the payment of an upfront cash payment of $5 million to CollPlant, which was paid to us in November 2018 following effectiveness of the United License Agreement. In addition, the United License Agreement provides for a one-time non-refundable option payment of $3 million per Option Product ($9 million in the aggregate), and up to $30 million of milestone payments payable as follows: (i) $5 million upon completion of the U.S. facility design, (ii) $5 million upon completion of production of a specified amount of BioInk, and (iii) $5 million for FDA marketing approval for each Covered Product (up to $20 million in the aggregate). Further, CollPlant shall be entitled to a fixed-fee royalty payment (subject to certain adjustment) for each product commercially sold during the term of the Agreement, a fee for the supply of certain quantities of BioInk to LB, and reimbursement for certain costs related to the U.S. facility and any payment made by CollPlant to the IIA.

Unless earlier terminated, the United License Agreement will continue in effect on a Covered Product-by-Covered Product and country-by-country basis until the later of (i) the expiration, invalidation or abandonment of the last CollPlant patent covering a Covered Product in a particular country, and (ii) 12 years from the first commercial sale of such Covered Product in such country. Following expiration (unless earlier terminated), the licenses granted to LB in the Agreement will continue on a fully paid-up, irrevocable basis. The United License Agreement may be terminated early by either party for material breach or bankruptcy. In addition, CollPlant may terminate the United License Agreement in the case of a challenge made by LB, its affiliates or sub-licensees with respect to a CollPlant patent covering a Covered Product or if LB and its affiliates and sub-licensees discontinue development and commercialization of all Covered Products for at least one year. LB may terminate the United License Agreement at any time upon 30 days’ written notice with respect to the entirety of the United License Agreement and upon 30 days’ written notice with respect to its license and other rights under the United License Agreement relating to one or more CollPlant patents, on a patent-by-patent and country-by-country basis.

VergenixSTR—Tendinopathy Treatment

VergenixSTR is a soft tissue repair matrix that combines cross-linked rhCollagen with PRP, a concentrated blood plasma that contains high levels of platelets, a critical component of the healing process. Platelets contain growth factors that are responsible for stimulating tissue generation and repair, including soft tissue repair, bone regeneration, development of new blood vessels, and stimulation of the wound healing process. VergenixSTR serves as a scaffold to support cell proliferation and the release of growth factors. The product is injected into the affected area and forms a viscous gel matrix which serves as a temporary reservoir for PRP in the vicinity of a tendon injury site, holding the platelet concentrate in place at the injured area. The matrix formed has the capabilities to activate the platelets in PRP, thereby releasing growth factors in a controlled manner and controlled biodegradation time, enabling optimal healing.

The following graphic illustrates the VergenixSTR kit and application:

Market for Tendinopathy Treatment

In the European Union, VergenixSTR is intended for the treatment of tendinopathy by promoting healing and repair of tendon injuries in a variety of tendons including the elbow tendon (for treatment of “tennis elbow”), rotator cuffs, patellar tendons, Achilles tendon, and hand tendon.

Tendinopathy: Annual procedures per indication in the United States

Today, the main treatments offered for tendinopathy are local steroid injection, shock wave therapy, and PRP alone. PRP is an orthobiologic that has recently gained popularity as an adjuvant treatment for musculoskeletal injuries. PRP has found application in diverse surgical fields to enhance bone and soft-tissue healing by placing high concentrations of autologous platelets at the site of tissue damage. The platelets contain alpha granules that are rich in several growth factors and play key roles in tissue repair mechanisms. The relative ease of preparation, applicability in the clinical setting, favorable safety profile, and possible beneficial outcome make PRP a promising therapeutic approach for regenerative treatments. One of the challenges in utilizing PRP for tissue repair is the localization of the platelets in the vicinity of the injured tissue. PRP injected alone displays a tendency to migrate and is rapidly degraded. Without addressing the issue of platelet localization, PRP’s efficacy will be limited, particularly in joints like the knee and shoulder which contain relatively large volumes of synovial fluid. VergenixSTR was developed to overcome these inherent limitations associated with the current use of PRP.

We estimate the size of the target market for VergenixSTR for treating tendinopathy is three million procedures per year, or approximately $2.0 billion. While our initial focus for VergenixSTR is in tendinopathy, VergenixSTR may be applicable to other soft tissue indications such as tendon rupture, meniscus tear, and cartilage repair, as well as in the aesthetic market. Transparency Market Research valued the global orthopedic soft tissue market at $5.6 billion in 2013. Globally, the aging population is playing a major role in increasing the incidence of sports injuries as the reduced flexibility and mobility associated with aging can make the body more prone to injury. Consequently, Transparency Market Research forecasts that the orthopedic soft tissue market will grow to $8.5 billion in 2019, a CAGR of 7.2%. The difficulties associated with healing in an aging population highlight the need for advanced orthobiologics products to serve this market.

VergenixSTR Product Development

As part of the VergenixSTR development, we conducted a number of preclinical studies to validate the treatment protocol and confirm the enhanced healing potential of the treatment. We completed a preclinical study in August 2013 based on an established model of tendinopathy induced in rats by injection of collagenase into the Achilles tendon. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the healing ability of VergenixSTR in the treatment of injured and inflamed tendons. The control group participating in the VergenixSTR testing was treated with an injection of PRP only. The efficacy of the product was assessed by histology, measuring parameters of healing at different stages. The preclinical study findings demonstrated that VergenixSTR resulted in lower initial inflammatory mononuclear cell levels, which is known to correlate with a reduction in pain. This effect, along with observations on the appearance of mature fibrosis and elimination of early granulated tissue, suggests that VergenixSTR may accelerate the healing of tendons in comparison with the control treatment.

In a follow-up preclinical study, the ability of VergenixSTR to form a scaffold which is retained to promote healing was assessed through injection of the product into a subcutaneous pocket in rats. Animals treated with VergenixSTR demonstrated a slow degradation of the clot over a period of four to eight weeks, whereas the control group demonstrated nearly immediate dispersion of the injected material.

Results of subcutaneous clot implantation in rats. Clot degradation profile is presented as % of weight at time 0.

Analysis of the injection sites showed significant levels of the growth factors PGDF and VEGF, which corresponds to the healing process, throughout the study period suggesting that VergenixSTR is effective in retaining platelet-related growth factors at the site of tendon injury. The preclinical study results appear to confirm VergenixSTR’s ability to promote an improved healing process through the activity of platelet-related growth factors.

We completed a 40 patient open label, single arm, multi-center clinical trial of VergenixSTR at hospitals in Israel which demonstrated the safety and evaluated the performance of VergenixSTR in patients suffering from tennis elbow or lateral epicondylitis. Tennis elbow is an inflammation of the tendons that join the forearm muscles on the outside of the elbow. The forearm muscles and tendons become damaged from overuse, leading to pain and tenderness on the outside of the elbow. Tennis, racquet sports and other sports and activities are a common cause of this condition. Tennis elbow affects 1% to 3% of population in the United States and Europe.

The trial, which commenced in January 2015, initially enrolled 20 patients and was expanded to enroll an additional 20 patients. Patients enrolled in the trial received a one-time injection of VergenixSTR and are monitored for the level of pain, tendon healing, and recovery of hand movement at three and six months after treatment.

In August 2016, we announced final results. At the three-month and six-month follow ups, patients treated with VergenixSTR reported an average 51% and 59% reduction in pain and improvement in motion, respectively, as measured by score improvement over the baseline on the Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation, or PRTEE, questionnaire. The PRTEE questionnaire is designed to measure reduction in pain and recovery of motion for patients with tennis elbow. Furthermore, at three-month and six-month follow ups, 74% and 86%, respectively, of patients treated with VergenixSTR showed at least a 25% reduction in pain and improvement in motion as measured by PRTEE. In contrast, a study of standard-of-care tennis elbow therapies published in 2010 in the American Journal of Sports Medicine, or AJSM, reported that, at three and six months, 48% and 36%, respectively, of steroid patients showed at least a 25% reduction in pain and improvement in motion as measured by PRTEE. Also at the three-month and six-month follow ups, 62% and 64%, respectively, of patients treated with VergenixSTR showed at least a 50% reduction in pain and improvement in motion as measured by PRTEE, whereas the 2010 AJSM study showed 33% and 17% reductions at three and six months, respectively, for this same measurement.

In October 2016, we received CE marking certification for VergenixSTR. In January 2019, the FDA responded to the Company’s Pre-RFD regarding product classification and jurisdictional assessment. The FDA’s OCP determined that VergenixSTR should be classified as a combination product and should be assigned to the FDA’s CBER. A Pre-RFD is FDA’s preliminary, nonbinding assessment of (1) the regulatory identity or classification of a product as a drug, device, biological product, or combination product, and (2) which FDA Center (i.e., CBER, CDER, or CDRH) will have primary jurisdiction for the premarket review and regulation of the product. Therefore, this classification and jurisdictional assessment is subject to change. We currently do not intend to pursue an FDA regulatory pathway to market for VergenixSTR in 2019. In November 2016, we entered into an exclusive distribution agreement with Arthrex GmbH in Munich, Germany, an affiliate of Arthrex, Inc, for VergenixSTR covering Europe, the Middle East, India, and certain African countries. Sales in Europe commenced in the fourth quarter of 2016. In November 2018, we entered into an exclusive distribution agreement with Joinsmart Biomedical Co. for VergenixSTR in Taiwan. The distributor is currently in the process of certification and authorization of VergenixSTR, as required in Taiwan.

In June 2017, we announced the first positive feedback from treatments as part of our product launch of VergenixSTR in Europe through Arthrex for the treatment of tendinopathy. VergenixSTR was used in treating 45 patients suffering from various cases of tendinopathy including tennis elbow, Achilles tendon, shoulder tendon and plantar fasciitis. Feedback from patient surveys indicated a recovery characterized by a decrease in the level of pain and an improvement in range of motion.

In March 2018, Arthrex announced results of ACP Tendo, a product for treatment of tendinopathy combining our Vergenix®STR and Arthrex’s platelet reach plasma extraction kit, in a European case series. The safety and performance of ACP Tendo was evaluated for the treatment of tendinopathy in 24 patients in 9 different European locations. The indications included injuries in rotator cuff, Achilles tendon, perneal tendon, tibialis tendon and common extensor tendon. In all treatment groups, patient-recorded-pain decreased after 2 weeks and continued along this trend up to the last follow-up at 6 months. Specifically for rotator cuff and common extensor tendon groups, the functionality was increased over the study period, almost achieving pre-symptom levels after 6 months.

VergenixFG—Wound Filler

VergenixFG is an advanced wound care product based on our rhCollagen. In the European Union, VergenixFG is intended for the treatment of deep surgical incisions and deep wounds, including diabetic ulcers, venous and pressure ulcers, burns, bedsores, and other chronic wounds that are difficult to heal. VergenixFG is designed to be easy to use and to be administrated through a cannula by a doctor or nurse. The VergenixFG formulation provides a scaffold of pure human collagen, an important characteristic in promoting the closure of wounds, that fills the wound bed and is engineered to create maximal contact with the surrounding tissue, which is believed to enhance healing. VergenixFG provides complete coverage of the wound site, facilitates wound closure through an engineered synchronization between scaffold degradation and growth of new tissue, and offers a non-allergenic and pathogen-free scaffold for safe and efficacious wound care therapy. Other flowable gel products are available on the market, but they are based on tissue-derived collagen.

Market for Chronic Wounds

VergenixFG is designed to meet the needs of the advanced wound care market, initially in the treatment of chronic wounds. Chronic wounds are rarely seen in individuals who are otherwise healthy. Major chronic diseases such as peripheral vascular diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and other debilitating diseases have led to an increase in the incidence of chronic wounds. In wound healing, a cascade of events occurs that includes platelet accumulation, inflammation, fibroblast proliferation, cell contraction, angiogenesis, and re-epithelization, ultimately leading to scar formation. A chronic wound is stalled at one of these healing stages. This usually occurs during the inflammatory phase and is linked to elevated levels of the matrix metalloproteinases, or MMPs, in the wound. During normal wound healing, proteases such as MMPs are attracted to the wound during the inflammatory phase and have an important role in breaking down unhealthy ECMs so that new tissue forms. However, when MMPs are present in a wound at elevated levels for a prolonged period of time, this results in the destruction of healthy ECMs, which is associated with delayed wound healing and an increase in wound size. When the excess of MMPs is not balanced by normal physiological processes, alternative methods are required to reduce protease levels in the wound. This suggests a role for dressings containing collagen in the management of wounds where healing is stalled, as dressings containing collagen are thought to provide the wound with an alternative collagen source that can be degraded by the high levels of MMPs as a sacrificial substrate, leaving the body’s native collagen to continue normal wound healing.

We plan on selling VergenixFG at a competitive price to the other advanced healing products in the market. Our initial market for VergenixFG in Europe is chronic wounds, which includes diabetic foot ulcers, venous ulcers, and pressure ulcers. Eucomed has reported there are two million chronic wounds annually in the European Union. We also see the opportunity for expansion of VergenixFG beyond chronic wounds into the treatment of deep surgical incisions. The National Center for Health Statistics reported a total of 51.4 million inpatient surgical procedures took place in the United States in 2010, and we believe at least half of those resulted in a major surgical wound that could benefit from an advanced wound closure product such as VergenixFG to facilitate healing. We estimate that the addressable market for the VergenixFG product within the global advanced wound care market is approximately $3.0 billion.

VergenixFG Product Development

As part of our product development of VergenixFG during the years 2011 to 2013, preclinical studies were conducted by an external laboratory under Good Laboratory Practices, or GLPs. The purpose of the studies was to investigate the performance of VergenixFG in the treatment of wounds in large animals in comparison to a competing product produced from bovine collagen. In a cutaneous full-thickness wound pig model, a broadly accepted model for the human healing process, 95% wound closure was observed with VergenixFG at day 21 compared to 68% closure in wounds treated with the benchmark product. Moreover, VergenixFG treatment induced an early angiogenic response and induced a significantly lower inflammatory response than in the control group. The researchers concluded that VergenixFG proved effective in animal wound models and is expected to be capable of reducing the healing time of human wounds.

We have completed an open label, single arm, multi-center registration trial of VergenixFG of 20 patients in Israel to demonstrate safety and to evaluate the performance of VergenixFG in patients with hard-to-heal chronic wounds of the lower limbs. Patients enrolled in the trial, received a single treatment of VergenixFG followed by a four-week follow up. Product performance was examined according to several measures, the main one being the percentage of wound closure achieved. The results were published in February 2019 in Wounds, a peer-reviewed journal focusing on wound care and wound research. The paper, titled, “A Novel Recombinant Human Collagen-based Flowable Matrix for Chronic Lower Limb Wound Management: First Results of a Clinical Trial,” presents data from a previously reported independent study conducted by physicians at several wound care medical clinics and hospitals in Israel. Four weeks following treatment, nine wounds closed completely, fifteen wounds exhibited a greater than 70% closure, and the median wound area reduction was 94%. Only one patient failed to respond to treatment. All patients in the study reported a 50% reduction in pain. Further, no significant device-related adverse events were reported throughout the study.

In February 2016, we received CE marking certification for VergenixFG. Since then we have entered into distribution agreements for the distribution of VergenixFG in 20 countries in Europe and Africa.

In April 2017, we announced positive results from post-marketing surveillance of 10 patients treated with VergenixFG, for the treatment of patients with chronic, hard-to-heal wounds in Europe. An analysis of the results found average wound closure rates of 80% within five weeks of treatment.

In July 2017, we announced that we started treatments of acute and chronic wounds using VergenixFG for the first time in Israel, by a large private wound-treatment center in the Tel Aviv metropolitan area.

Dermal Filler

We are currently developing a new dermal filler product line, addressing the need for more innovative aesthetic products to treat wrinkles, and are advancing collaborations with leading companies in 3D bioprinting in the field of medical aesthetics with the goal of positioning CollPlant as a major player in the medical aesthetics market.

We are looking to base our new product line on the combination of hyaluronic acid, a naturally-occurring, moisture-binding compound, with our plant-based, tissue regenerating rhCollagen. We are also expanding our development scope to the field of surgical incisions, and are currently running the proof of concept study in breast and abdominal surgeries with our VergenixFG product.

In May 2018, we filed a provisional patent application with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office for photocurable dermal fillers comprised of rhCollagen and hyaluronic acid, for the aesthetics market.

During the first quarter of 2019, we supplied the first material order of our rhCollagen into the aesthetics market.

According to Global Market Insights Inc., global dermal filler market will surpass $8.5 billion by 2024. Rising awareness and acceptance regarding several cosmetic procedures in developed and developing regions coupled with increasing disposable income will impel dermal filler market size. Rising awareness about superior benefits coupled with minimal pain involved with the procedure will drive global dermal filler market growth.

The facial line correction application segment accounted for largest market size of $2.5 billion in 2017 and the segment is forecasted to dominate the market throughout the estimation period. An expanding geriatric population across the globe seeking anti-aging and wrinkle treatment is expected to have a high impact on segmental growth. Accelerating demand for numerous beauty enhancement procedures is expected to further support facial line correction segment growth until 2024.

Technology

Our rhCollagen is based upon research conducted by our founder and Chief Scientist, Prof. Oded Shoseyov. We believe our technology is the only viable technology available for the production of recombinant type I human collagen, the most abundant collagen in the human body.

The production of our rhCollagen begins with the creation of genetically engineered cultures that are transferred to selected greenhouses across Israel and continues with the harvesting of tobacco leaves and the processing of such leaves to an extract which then undergoes purification until the completion of the rhCollagen.

Five human genes encoding heterotrimeric type I collagen are introduced into tobacco plants. The three protein chains that make up type I collagen—two α1 protein chains and one α2 protein chain—are encoded by two genes. The other three genes encode the human prolyl-4-hydroxylase (P4Hα and P4Hβ) as well as lysyl hydroxylase 3 (LH3) enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for key post-translational modifications of collagen, and plants co-expressing all five of these vacuole-targeted genes generate intact procollagen. The plants are grown in a greenhouse under strict growing protocols and mature leaves are transported to a protein extraction facility. Upon extraction, pro-collagen is enzymatically converted to atelocollagen using a plant-derived protease. The protein is purified to homogeneity through a cost-effective industrial process taking advantage of collagen’s unique properties that make it soluble at a very low pH.

rhCollagen forms thermally stable triple helix structures which readily fibrillate at natural pH and low sodium chloride concentrations, making it ideal for use in the manufacture of products for tissue repair in the human body. Binding of integrins (transmembrane receptors) presented by the cells to a specific 3D structure on type I collagen fibrils requires a perfect triple helix. This binding is essential for binding and proliferation of cells on tissue repair scaffolds. In a recent study published in the Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, rhCollagen was compared with acid-solubilized collagen from bovine dermis and pepsin-solubilized collagen from human fibroblast cell culture. Tested samples of the tissue-derived collagens had random fibrillar organization, whereas rhCollagen membranes showed far greater regional fibril alignment and transparency. RhCollagen membranes also showed better thermal stability compared with the tissue-derived collagens. The authors concluded that cross-linked rhCollagen membranes had a superior combination of desirable properties, namely higher transparency, higher thermal and tensile strengths, and adequate hydration.

We have selected tobacco as the medium for production of rhCollagen due to certain attributes of the tobacco plant that provide us with a number of advantages:

We have developed a large portfolio of configurations and composites based on our rhCollagen that are used to create high-quality products, including our three products, as follows:

Our Development Activities

Development History

Our rhCollagen was first developed as a collaboration among several commercial partners and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, a major academic institution in Israel, under the direction of Professor Oded Shoseyov. Prof. Shoseyov is a faculty member at the Robert Smith Institute of Plant Science and Genetics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The intellectual property was transferred to our wholly owned subsidiary, CollPlant Ltd.

As part of our regulatory strategy, we first developed and achieved a CE marking for a collagen-based non-invasive dressing, VergenixWD. We pursued a CE mark for this product as a predicate product for achieving in 2016 CE marking for our VergenixSTR and VergenixFG product in the European Union.

Between 2013 and 2017, we developed a surgical matrix, a novel resorbable carrier designed to help accelerate bone healing and formation. The surgical matrix is a novel resorbable carrier composed of rhCollagen and synthetic minerals which is intended to be charged with a bone morphogenetic protein developed by Bioventus for use as a bone graft substitute in bone repair indications such as spinal fusion and trauma. The surgical matrix was developed in collaboration with Bioventus. The collaboration ended in March 2017.

In May 2017, we created a division focused on development of collagen-based biological ink, or BioInk, following the expansion of our research activities in the field of 3D biologic printing of organs and tissues. In October 2018, we entered into the United License Agreement pursuant to which CollPlant and LB will collaborate in the development of engineered lungs or lung substitutes using our rhCollagen and BioInk.

In May 2018, we filed a provisional patent application for photocurable dermal fillers comprising rhCollagen and hyaluronic acid, for the aesthetics market. This application represents an integral part of our Company’s strategy to expand the uses for rhCollagen-based BioInk into new, high value markets. The combination of hyaluronic acid, a naturally-occurring, moisture-binding compound, with our plant-based, tissue regenerating rhCollagen is intended to form the basis for a new dermal filler product line aimed at addressing the need for innovative aesthetic products to treat wrinkles.

Future Development

To facilitate efficient development, our management holds annual research and development meetings where they prioritize development projects and determine future products. The prioritization process is based on several factors, including our business plan, commercial potential of the products, time to market, cost of development, feasibility of the project, and our established strategic objectives. We have several development projects which are in different stages of development.

Future Products

We periodically examine the continued development of other collagen-based products that we have conceived. Each one of our current products offers a platform to product derivatives that can address other indications and contribute to our pipeline and revenues. These derivative products include, for example, the potential use of VergenixSTR for cartilage repair and ACL reconstruction applications and the potential use of VergenixFG for the treatment of deep surgical incisions. Through ongoing research we are also pursuing other platforms for our rhCollagen, such as biomaterial coatings in order to reduce foreign body response and tissue adhesion. We are also in discussions with companies in the field, to develop next generation soft tissue fillers.

Other Recombinant Proteins

As tissue engineering and regenerative medicine continue to evolve and expand, we expect that the demand for high-quality biomaterials will grow. There are a number of other extracellular proteins such as elastin, fibronectin, and different types of collagen which may be produced through our plant production system. Another protein, Resilin, has been produced using another proprietary technology for the production of recombinant proteins. Resilin is a polymeric rubber-like protein secreted by insects to specialized cuticle regions, in areas where high resilience and low stiffness are required. Combining collagen at the nano-scale with Resilin to produce fibers resulted in super-performing fibers with greater tensile strength and elasticity exceeding that of natural collagen fibers. This composite biomaterial could be used in indications where elasticity, strength, and memory shape properties are required, such as tendons, meniscus, and nucleus polyposis.

Manufacturing, Supply, and Production

The majority of our product research and development work is carried out at our offices and research laboratories in Weizmann Science Park in Ness-Ziona, Israel. The agricultural research and development and extraction activities for our rhCollagen are carried out at our site in the north of Israel.

We work with subcontractors with greenhouses for growing the tobacco plant containing human collagen in several locations in Israel. This tobacco growth occurs year-round and is optimized to the climate conditions in order to achieve the maximum amount of the protein in the leaves. The growers use our protocols and are monitored by our agronomists to ensure their compliance with these protocols. Each grower has the infrastructure that can be scaled-up to accommodate future demand without additional capital expenditures.

We perform the extraction process by which rhCollagen is extracted from the tobacco plants at our manufacturing facility in the north of Israel. The collagen purification process which produces rhCollagen is carried out by dedicated subcontractors spread across Israel. Our rhCollagen-based products are currently manufactured in the United States by a subcontractor using rhCollagen we supply to them under our production protocols.

We currently have the ability to produce sufficient quantities of quality recombinant type I human collagen to support our product development activities and the sales of VergenixFG and VergenixSTR and BioInk in Europe until 2021. Our activities are focused on yield improvement, scale-up, and cost reduction.

While our upstream and downstream processes are quite robust and efficient, we continuously invest in further yield improvement and scalability, in order to reduce costs. In order to increase yield, we plan to increase biomass per growing area by using new genetic derivatives, improvement and optimization of growing techniques, and introduction of online controls. Our next-generation tobacco plants have been created through improved genetics and cross-breeding and produce three times the amount of collagen as our first-generation plants. Shifting our growing process from tissue culture techniques to cultivation of plants from seed, which we implemented, is also streamlining the production process and reduce costs. In addition, increased growing areas will reduce overall cost per harvest. We also plan further process optimization of our extraction process to increase yields.

We have an approved in-house purification capability. The purification facility includes clean rooms, logistics support areas, and dedicated production equipment to support the Company’s production demand for the next few years.

Under the United License Agreement, LB is required to build a facility, or engage a manufacturer to build a facility, in the U.S. for the manufacture of our rhCollagen and BioInk in connection with the United License Agreement. CollPlant and LB have agreed to collaborate in the design and construction of the facility, and the parties are collaborating in order to establish the facility. LB is responsible for the costs associated with the establishment of the facility.

Under our current production techniques, we achieve a cost of goods that allow us to offer competitive pricing in the orthobiologics, advanced wound care, and other premium collagen-based products markets. We anticipate that the above-mentioned production enhancements will reduce the production cost of our rhCollagen to a level that will enable us to be competitive in both premium and commodity markets for collagen-based products.

Sales, Marketing, and Distribution

We sell our BioInk and rhCollagen directly to our business partners, collaborators and selective customers. We anticipate that any products we develop in collaboration with a strategic partner or collaborator, such as organs based on our BioInk for 3D bioprinting, will be marketed by the partner’s sales force.

Until the middle of 2016, our only sales of rhCollagen were to different consumers in the research market. We sell our rhCollagen in the research market under the brand name Collage. Sigma-Aldrich Company distributes Collage in the global research market, which includes, among others, academic institutions and hospitals worldwide. The Collage that we sold to Sigma-Aldrich under this framework is intended only for research laboratories (in vitro) and not for preclinical or clinical (in vivo) uses. We ended our agreement with Sigma-Aldrich effective as of December 31, 2018 and since than we sell our rhCollagen to selective customers.

We are marketing and distributing VergenixSTR and VergenixFG in the European market with business partners. In November 2016, we entered into an exclusive distribution agreement with Arthrex GmbH in Munich, Germany, an affiliate of Arthrex, Inc. for VergenixSTR covering Europe, the Middle East, India, and certain African countries. In December 2016, we supplied our first order to Arthrex and since then we are supplying Arthrex shipments upon purchase orders, to support sales in Europe.

In June 2016, we entered into distribution agreement with an Italian company to distribute VergenixFG in Italy, and in July 2016, we supplied our first order. Subsequently since then we signed distribution agreements to distribute VergenixFG in 20 countries in Europe and Africa. We are currently in discussions with additional distributors in Europe for the commencement of sales of VergenixFG in additional European countries. These potential distributors are active in the wound healing markets and have the existing sales infrastructure in place.

We have commenced post marketing surveillance studies for both VergenixSTR and VergenixFG with our European key opinion leaders and physicians in order to generate additional clinical data that demonstrates the efficacy and superiority of our products. The study is intended to facilitate market adoption of our products in Europe, as well as provide additional support for the submission package to other regulatory agencies, such as the FDA.

Our proprietary end products are marketed, and will be marketed, to physicians, hospitals, and clinics. We plan to expand the awareness of rhCollagen and our rhCollagen-based products to the end users through the publication of clinical trial data as well as marketing studies we may conduct, along with participation in academic and industry conferences. We will also market our rhCollagen to companies who are developing products using collagen and that do not compete with our primary end products. We anticipate entering into collaborations or partnerships with these companies where we would supply them with rhCollagen for use in their products in return for royalties.

Competition

We are not aware of any competitors that produce human collagen from plants or that produce recombinant type I human collagen. However, our industry is characterized by rapidly evolving technology and intense competition, and our rhCollagen-based products will compete with several alternative tissue-derived or synthetic products. Adequate protection of intellectual property, successful product development, adequate funding, and retention of skilled, experienced, and professional personnel are among the many factors critical to success in the pharmaceutical industry.

Generally, our competitors currently include large fully integrated companies, as well as academic research institutes and companies in various developmental stages that develop alternative sources and forms of collagen and tissue-derived products.

The primary competitors to our BioInk are potential bio-material inks for 3D biological printing, based on tissue-derived collagens. Manufacturers of these products include, among others, Collagen Solutions and Advanced BioMatrix.

Our VergenixSTR product will compete with companies that sell steroid injections and PRP kits, including Biomet Inc., Harvest Technologies Corporation, MTF Sports Medicine, and Arteriocyte Medical Systems Inc.

The primary competitors to our VergenixFG product are products based on tissue-derived collagens. Manufacturers of these products include, among others, Integra Lifesciences Corporation, Wright Medical Technology Inc., Smith & Nephew, Molnlycke, Convatec, Coloplast, and Urgo.

Intellectual Property

Our success depends, in part, on our ability to protect our proprietary technology and intellectual property. We rely on a combination of patent, trade secret, and trademark laws in the United States and other jurisdictions to protect our intellectual property rights. In addition, we rely on proprietary processes and know-how, intellectual property licenses, and other contractual rights, including confidentiality and invention assignment agreements, to protect our intellectual property rights and develop and maintain our competitive position.

Patents

We have a global patent portfolio that is comprised of ten patent families. Almost three dozen of our patent applications have issued as patents or will issue soon, having been allowed by the relevant patent office. We have exclusive ownership of 17 issued patents in our patent family that cover methods of creating collagen-producing plants and two issued patents in our patent family that cover methods of processing recombinant collagen. These issued patents and others that may issue in the future in these patent families, assuming timely payment of annual fees, are expected to expire in 2025. Our patent portfolio also includes patent families that cover production and use of collagen. Our more recently filed patent application, if granted, could provide patent protection for a particular formulation of our rhCollagen and its use in 3D printing until 2038.

In addition, our patent portfolio includes pending applications, some of which are jointly owned with Yissum Research Development Company of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem Ltd., or Yissum, as well as issued patents that are jointly owned with Yissum, which cover production of other biomaterials.

We are not aware of any impediments to the patent applications being granted in the United States or other jurisdictions. However, our patent applications may never issue as patents, and our issued patents and any that may issue in the future may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented.

Trade Secrets and Confidential Information

In addition to patented technology, we rely on our trade secrets and continuing technological innovations to develop and maintain our competitive position. In an effort to protect our trade secrets, we rely on, among other safeguards, confidentiality and invention assignment agreements to protect our proprietary technology, know-how and other intellectual property that may not be patentable or that we believe is best protected by means that do not require public disclosure. For example, we require our employees, consultants and advisors to execute confidentiality agreements in connection with their employment or consulting relationships with us and to disclose and assign to us inventions conceived in connection with their services to us. These agreements also provide that all confidential information developed or made known to the individual during the course of their relationship with us must be kept confidential, except in specified circumstances.

Trademarks

We rely on trade names, trademarks and service marks to protect our name brands. Our registered trademarks in several countries include the following: “collage” and “Vergenix.”

Materials Transfer Agreements

We periodically enter into materials transfer agreements with commercial organizations, medical institutions and research and development institutions to transfer materials and products developed by us. These agreements include provisions that are customary for such agreements concerning the permitted use of the transferred material and any results obtained using the material, confidentiality, the rights in the transferred materials and in the results of the research and/or development in which the materials are used, and instructions concerning care and usage of the materials. These agreements may be used as a basis for further cooperation between us and the counterparties.

We may be unable to obtain, maintain, and protect the intellectual property rights necessary to conduct our business and may be subject to claims that we infringe or otherwise violate the intellectual property rights of others, which could materially harm our business. For a more comprehensive summary of the risks related to our intellectual property, see “Item 3.D. Risk Factors.”

Agreement with Yissum Research Development Company of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem Ltd. with respect to our rhCollagen

Under an agreement dated July 13, 2004 among Meytav—Technological Innovation Center Ltd., Yehuda Zafrir Fagin, Yissum, and Prof. Oded Shoseyov (our Chief Scientist), we carried out a research and development project to develop a process for the production of quality human collagen in plants and further developed the resulting products created by us, Professor Shoseyov and Zafrir, for commercial applications. Yissum and Professor Shoseyov have assigned all intellectual property rights developed by Professor Shoseyov and owned by them to us, including the intellectual property rights in connection with the development of the method for production of quality human collagen in plants.

Government Regulation

We are a developer of tissue products which are subject to extensive regulation in the United States, the European Union and other jurisdictions. These regulations govern, among other things, the introduction of new tissue products, the observance of certain standards with respect to the design, manufacture, testing, promotion and sales of the products, the maintenance of certain records, the ability to track devices, the reporting of potential product defects, the import and export of devices, and other matters.

In order to obtain marketing authorization in the United States, we would be subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other federal, state, and local regulatory agencies. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FD&C Act, the Public Health Service Act, or the PHS Act, and their implementing regulations set forth, among others, requirements for the research, testing, development, manufacture, quality control, safety, effectiveness, approval, labeling, storage, record keeping, reporting, distribution, import, export, advertising, and promotion of our products. A failure to comply with relevant requirements may lead to administrative, civil, or criminal sanctions. These sanctions could include the imposition by the FDA of a clinical hold or other suspension on clinical trials, refusal to approve pending marketing applications or supplements, withdrawal of approval, warning letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, civil penalties, or criminal prosecution.

Although the discussion below focuses on regulation in the United States, we anticipate seeking approval for the marketing of our products in other countries which have their own regulatory requirements. Generally, our activities in other countries will be subject to regulations that are similar in nature and scope as that imposed in the United States such as medical device approval, quality system requirements, product data and certifications, although there can be important differences and the number and scope of these regulatory requirements are generally increasing.

We must obtain approval by comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries outside of the European Union and the United States before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of our products in those countries. The approval process varies from country to country and the process may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval. In addition, the requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing, and reimbursement vary greatly from country to country. In all cases, clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with the FDA’s regulations, commonly referred to as good clinical practices, or GCPs, and the applicable regulatory requirements and ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki.

Government regulation may delay or prevent testing or marketing of our products and impose costly procedures upon our activities. The testing and approval process, and the subsequent compliance with appropriate statutes and regulations, require substantial time, effort, and financial resources, and we cannot be certain that the FDA or any other regulatory agency will grant approvals for our products or any future product candidates on a timely basis or at all. The policies of the FDA or any other regulatory agency may change and additional governmental regulations may be enacted that could prevent or delay regulatory approval of our products or any future product candidates or approval of new indications or label changes. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of adverse governmental regulation that might arise from future legislative, judicial, or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad.

Approval by Health Authorities

The following is a summary review of the laws and regulations governing our operations. Our products are medical products, and their marketing, once development is complete, is contingent upon approval of the health authorities in every country in which the products will be marketed:

Israel

Our operations are subject to permits from the Ministry of Health on two levels:

All phases of clinical trials conducted in Israel must be conducted in accordance with the Trials in Human Subjects Regulations, including amendments and addenda thereto, the Guidelines, and the International Conference for Harmonized Tripartite Guideline for Good Clinical Practice. The Trials in Human Subjects Regulations and the Guidelines stipulate that a medical study on humans will only be approved after the Helsinki Committee at the hospital intending to perform the study has approved the medical study and notified the relevant hospital director in writing. In addition, certain clinical studies require the approval of the Ministry of Health. The relevant hospital director, and the Ministry of Health, if applicable, also must be satisfied that the study is not contrary to the Declaration of Helsinki or to other regulations.

Additionally the Israeli penal code prohibits bribing a foreign public employee in exchange for any action related to such employee’s role, in order to achieve, guarantee, or promote business activities or other business advantage.

In June 2017, we received AMR approval for VergenixFG and started treating patients in Israel. In March 2018, we received AMR approval for VergenixSTR.

United States

The regulatory process of obtaining product approvals and clearances can be onerous and costly. Foreign companies manufacturing medical devices intended for sale in the United States are required to meet the FDA’s regulatory requirements. The FDA does not recognize the regulatory certification provided by governmental authorities of other countries.

Regulation of Combination Products

The FDA has specified a definition for the term “combination product,” which includes: (1) a product comprised of two or more regulated components, e.g., drug/device, biologic/device, drug/biologic, or drug/device/biologic, that are physically, chemically, or otherwise combined or mixed and produced as a single entity; (2) two or more separate products packaged together in a single package or as a unit and comprised of drug and device products, device and biological products, or biological and drug products; (3) a drug, device, or biological product packaged separately that according to its investigational plan or proposed labeling is intended for use only with an approved individually specified drug, device, or biological product where both are required to achieve the intended use, indication, or effect and where, upon approval of the proposed product, the labeling of the approved product would need to be changed, e.g., to reflect a change in intended use, dosage form, strength, route of administration, or significant change in dose; or (4) any investigational drug, device, or biological product packaged separately that according to its proposed labeling is for use only with another individually specified investigational drug, device, or biological product where both are required to achieve the intended use, indication, or effect.

The FDA is divided into various “Centers” by product type such as the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, or CDER, CBER, or the CDRH. Different Centers review drug, biologic, or device applications.

The FDA is charged with assigning a Center with primary jurisdiction, or a lead Center, for review of a combination product. That determination is based on the “primary mode of action,” or PMOA, of the combination product. Thus, if the PMOA of a device-biologic combination product is attributable to the biologic product, CBER, which is responsible for premarket review of the biologic product, would have primary jurisdiction for the combination product.

The FDA has also established an Office of Combination Products to address issues surrounding combination products and provide more certainty to the regulatory review process. That office serves as a focal point for combination product issues for agency reviewers and industry. It is also responsible for developing guidance and regulations to clarify the regulation of combination products and for assignment of the FDA center that has primary jurisdiction for review of combination products where the jurisdiction is unclear or in dispute.

After formally establishing the PMOA through an applicant’s Request for Designation, the Center that regulates that portion of the product that generates the PMOA becomes the lead evaluator. When evaluating an application, a lead Center may consult other centers but still retain complete reviewing authority, or it may collaborate with another Center, wherein the lead Center assigns concurrent review of a specific section of the application to another Center, delegating its review authority for that section.

Typically, the FDA requires a single marketing application submitted to the Center selected to be the lead evaluator, although the agency has the discretion to require separate applications to more than one Center. One reason to submit multiple evaluations is if the applicant wishes to receive some benefit that accrues only from approval under a particular type of application, like new drug product or orphan drug exclusivity. If multiple applications are submitted, each may be evaluated by a different lead Center. When submitting multiple applications, the applicant may be subject to the payment of two user fees, but a waiver of such fees may be obtained under certain limited circumstances.

The FDA may subject a combination product to two or more sets of legal authorities, e.g., drug/device, biologic/device, drug/biologic drug, but it has the authority to deem one set of legal authorities sufficient. FDA’s standard of review for a combination products application and the applicable legal authority or authorities will depend on a case-by-case basis evaluation of the scientific and technical issues and risk profile relevant to a combination product and its constituent parts. Because of the breadth and complexity of this analysis in each case, no single regulatory paradigm is appropriate for all combination products.

After receiving FDA approval or clearance, an approved or cleared product must comply with postmarket safety reporting requirements applicable to the product based on the application type under which it received marketing authorization. In the case of current good manufacturing practices, or cGMP, the applicant may take one of two approaches: (1) complying with cGMP for each constituent part, or (2) a streamlined approach specific to combination products, subject to certain limitations.

In January 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, responded to the Company’s Pre-RFD regarding product classification and jurisdictional assessment. The FDA’s OCP determined that VergenixSTR should be classified as a Combination Product, specifically a drug/biologic/device product, and should be assigned to the FDA’s CBER. A Pre-RFD is FDA’s preliminary, nonbinding assessment of (1) the regulatory identity or classification of a product as a drug, device, biological product, or combination product, and (2) which FDA Center (i.e., CBER, CDER, or CDRH) will have primary jurisdiction for the premarket review and regulation of the product. Therefore, this classification and jurisdictional assessment is subject to change. We currently do not intend to pursue an FDA regulatory pathway to market for VergenixSTR in 2019. We still include a discussion of FDA’s requirements for approval of and ongoing regulation for drugs, biologics, and medical devices below.

Marketing Authorization for Drugs and Biologics in the U.S.

A new biologic must be approved by the FDA through the biologics license application, or BLA, process before it may be legally marketed in the U.S. A new drug must be approved by the FDA through the new drug application, or NDA, process before it may be legally marketed in the U.S.

The animal and other non-clinical data and the results of human clinical trials performed under an Investigational New Drug, or IND, application and under similar foreign applications will become part of the BLA or NDA.

In the U.S., the FDA regulates biologics under the Public Health Service Act, or PHS Act, and implementing regulations, and under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, and implementing regulations, respectively. The U.S. regulates drugs under the FDCA. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with applicable federal, state, local, and foreign statutes and regulations require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable U.S. requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process or after approval may subject an applicant to administrative or judicial sanctions. These sanctions could include the FDA’s refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, a clinical hold, warning letters, requesting product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement, or civil or criminal penalties. Any agency or judicial enforcement action could have a material adverse effect on us. The process required by the FDA before a drug or biologic may be marketed in the U.S. generally involves the following:

Once a biologic or drug product candidate is identified for development, it enters the preclinical testing stage. Preclinical tests include laboratory evaluations of product chemistry, toxicity and formulation, as well as animal studies. An IND sponsor must submit the results of the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information and analytical data, to the FDA as part of the IND. The sponsor will also include a protocol detailing, among other things, the objectives of the first phase of the clinical trials, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety, and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated if the first phase lends itself to an efficacy evaluation. Some preclinical testing may continue even after the IND is submitted. The IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA, within the 30-day time period, places the clinical trial on a clinical hold. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. Clinical holds also may be imposed by the FDA at any time before or during studies due to safety concerns or non-compliance.

All clinical trials must be conducted under the supervision of one or more qualified investigators in accordance with GCP regulations. They must be conducted under protocols detailing the objectives of the trial, dosing procedures, subject selection and exclusion criteria, and the safety and effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. Each protocol must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND, and progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must be submitted at least annually. In addition, timely safety reports must be submitted to the FDA and the investigators for serious and unexpected adverse events. An institutional review board, or IRB, responsible for the research conducted at each institution participating in the clinical trial must review and approve each protocol before a clinical trial commences at that institution and must also approve the information regarding the trial and the consent form that must be provided to each trial subject or his or her legal representative, monitor the study until completed and otherwise comply with IRB regulations.

Concurrent with clinical trials, companies usually complete additional animal studies and must also develop additional information about the chemistry and physical characteristics of a biologic or drug and finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with cGMP requirements. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the product candidate, and, among other things, the manufacturer must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality and purity of the final product. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested, and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the product candidate does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its shelf life. Before approving a BLA or NDA, the FDA typically will inspect the facility or facilities where the product is manufactured. The FDA will not approve an application unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in full compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. The PHS Act in particular emphasizes the importance of manufacturing control for products like biologics whose attributes cannot be precisely defined.

Manufacturers and others involved in the manufacture and distribution of products must also register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies. Both domestic and foreign manufacturing establishments must register and provide additional information to the FDA upon their initial participation in the manufacturing process. Any product manufactured by or imported from a facility that has not registered, whether foreign or domestic, is deemed misbranded under the FDCA.

Establishments may be subject to periodic unannounced inspections by government authorities to ensure compliance with cGMP and other laws. Manufacturers may have to provide, on request, electronic or physical records regarding their establishments. Delaying, denying, limiting, or refusing inspection by the FDA may lead to a product being deemed to be adulterated. Human clinical trials for biologics and drugs are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap or be combined. If there are two independent modes of action, neither of which is subordinate to the other, the FDA makes a determination as to which center to assign the product based on consistency with other combination products raising similar types of safety and effectiveness questions or to the center with the most expertise in evaluating the most significant safety and effectiveness questions raised by the combination product.

Marketing Authorization for Medical Devices in the U.S.

In the United States, medical devices are regulated by the FDA. Unless an exemption applies, a new medical device will require either prior 510(k) clearance or approval of a PMA before it can be marketed in the United States. The information that must be submitted to the FDA in order to obtain clearance or approval to market a new medical device varies depending on how the medical device is classified by the FDA. Medical devices are classified into one of three classes on the basis of the controls deemed by the FDA to be necessary to reasonably ensure their safety and effectiveness. Class I devices, which are those that have the lowest level or risk associated with them, are subject to general controls, including labeling, premarket notification, and adherence to the QSR. Class II devices are subject to general controls and special controls, including performance standards. Class III devices, which have the highest level of risk associated with them, are subject to most of the previously identified requirements as well as to premarket approval. Most Class I devices and some Class II devices are exempt from the 510(k) requirement, although manufacturers of these devices are still subject to registration, listing, labeling and QSR requirements.

A 510(k) premarket notification must demonstrate that the device in question is substantially equivalent to another legally marketed device, or predicate device, that did not require premarket approval. In evaluating the 510(k), the FDA will determine whether the device has the same intended use as the predicate device, and: (i)(a) has the same technological characteristics as the predicate device, or (b) has different technological characteristics; and (ii)(a) the data supporting the substantial equivalence contains information, including appropriate clinical or scientific data, if deemed necessary by the FDA, that demonstrates that the device is as safe and as effective as a legally marketed device, and (b) does not raise different questions of safety and effectiveness than the predicate device. Most 510(k)s do not require clinical data for clearance, but the FDA may request such data. If the FDA does not agree that the new device is substantially equivalent to the predicate device, the new device will be classified in Class III, and the manufacturer must submit a PMA.

The PMA process is more complex, costly, and time consuming than the 510(k) clearance procedure. A PMA must be supported by extensive data including, but not limited to, technical, preclinical, clinical, manufacturing, control, and labeling information to demonstrate to the FDA’s satisfaction the safety and effectiveness of the device for its intended use. After a PMA is submitted, the FDA has 45 days to determine whether it is sufficiently complete to permit a substantive review. If the PMA is complete, the FDA will file the PMA. The FDA is subject to performance goal review times for PMAs and may issue a decision letter as a first action on a PMA within 180 days of filing, but if it has questions, it will likely issue a first major deficiency letter within 150 days of filing. It may also refer the PMA to an FDA advisory panel for additional review and will conduct a preapproval inspection of the manufacturing facility to ensure compliance with the QSR, either of which could extend the 180-day response target. A PMA can take several years to complete, and there is no assurance that any submitted PMA will ever be approved. Even when approved, the FDA may limit the indication for which the medical device may be marketed. Changes to the device, including changes to its manufacturing process, may require the approval of a supplemental PMA.

If a medical device is determined to present a “significant risk,” the manufacturer may not begin a clinical trial until it submits an investigational device exemption, or IDE, to the FDA and obtains approval of the IDE from the FDA. The IDE must be supported by appropriate data, such as animal and laboratory testing results, and include a proposed clinical protocol. The clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with applicable regulations, including but not limited to the FDA’s IDE regulations and current good clinical practices. A clinical trial may be suspended by the FDA or the sponsor at any time for various reasons, including a belief that the risks to the study participants outweigh the benefits of participation in the trial. Even if a clinical trial is completed, the results may not demonstrate the safety and efficacy of a device or may be equivocal or otherwise not be sufficient to obtain approval. Medical devices, however, typically rely on one or a few pivotal studies rather than Phase I, II and III clinical trials

Clinical trials are subject to extensive monitoring, recordkeeping and reporting requirements. Clinical trials must be conducted under the oversight of an institutional review board, or IRB, for the relevant clinical trial sites and must comply with FDA regulations, including, but not limited to, those relating to good clinical practices. To conduct a clinical trial, we also are required to obtain the patient’s informed consent in a form and substance that complies with both FDA requirements and state and federal privacy and human subject protection regulations.

The FDA, the IRB, or we could suspend a clinical trial at any time for various reasons, including a belief that the risks to study subjects outweigh the anticipated benefits or a finding that the research subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the drug has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients. Clinical testing may not be completed successfully within any specified period, if at all. Even if a trial is completed, the results of clinical testing may not adequately demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the device or may otherwise not be sufficient to obtain FDA clearance or approval to market the product in the United States. Similarly, in Europe, the clinical study must be approved by a local ethics committee and in some cases, including studies with high-risk devices, by the ministry of health in the applicable country.

In August 2010, we submitted a 510(k) notification to the FDA for VergenixWD, a collagen-based non-invasive dressing. In October 2010, we received notice that the Center for Devices and Radiological Health, or CDRH, which is the FDA center with jurisdiction over medical devices, determined that the product required a submission of a PMA for regulatory approval and not a 510(k). We filed an appeal of this decision which was denied, and in April 2012, the FDA confirmed its previous determination that our product would require PMA approval prior to its marketing in the United States. Most dermal fillers have been traditionally regulated as medical devices. However, similar products have more recently been regulated as biologics by CBER. Therefore, the classification and jurisdictional assessment related to our VergenixWD product is subject to change. We believe that most, if not all, of our products will be subject to the PMA process or will be considered combination products subject to at least some medical device regulations.

We expect, based on our prior limited interaction with the FDA in connection with our predecessor wound healing product, that our current products will be regulated as medical devices through a PMA process; however, no assurance can be given that the FDA will not impose additional, more stringent, regulatory requirements with respect to one or more of our current or future product candidates. Conducting clinical trials for our pipeline product candidates that are required to undergo the PMA process may take one to three years, depending on the composition of the product candidate under development and its designation.

We are not presently conducting any discussions with the FDA with respect to any of our products.

Post-Approval Regulation of Biologics, Drugs and Medical Devices

After a product is placed on the market, numerous regulatory requirements continue to apply. In addition to the requirements below, adverse event reporting regulations require that we report to the FDA any incident in which our product may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury or in which our product malfunctioned and, if the malfunction were to recur, would likely cause or contribute to death or serious injury. Additional regulatory requirements include:

Also, quality control and manufacturing procedures must continue to conform to current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMP after approval, which includes, among other things, maintenance of a stability program. The FDA periodically inspects manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMP, which imposes extensive procedural, substantive, and record keeping requirements. In addition, changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated and, depending on the significance of the change, may require prior FDA approval before being implemented. FDA regulations also require investigation and correction of product out of specification results and impose reporting and documentation requirements upon us and any third-party manufacturers that we may decide to use. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain compliance with cGMP and other aspects of regulatory compliance. The holder of an NDA is responsible for legal and regulatory compliance for advertising and promotion of the drug product. We are required to provide to the FDA copies of all drug promotion at the time of first use and to ensure that all information disseminated conforms to the product’s approved labeling and other FDA regulations and policies.

A biologic product may also be subject to official lot release, meaning that the manufacturer is required to perform certain tests on each lot of the product before it is released for distribution. If the product is subject to official lot release, the manufacturer must submit samples of each lot, together with a release protocol showing a summary of the history of manufacture of the lot and the results of all of the manufacturer’s tests performed on the lot, to the FDA. The FDA may, in addition, perform certain confirmatory tests on lots of some products before releasing the lots for distribution. Finally, the FDA will conduct laboratory research related to the safety, purity, potency and effectiveness of pharmaceutical products.

Advertising and promotion of medical devices, in addition to being regulated by the FDA, are also regulated by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, and by state regulatory and enforcement authorities. Promotional activities for FDA-regulated products of other companies have been the subject of enforcement action brought under healthcare reimbursement laws and consumer protection statutes. Furthermore, under the federal U.S. Lanham Act and similar state laws, competitors and others can initiate litigation relating to advertising claims. In addition, we are required to meet regulatory requirements in countries outside the United States, which can change rapidly with relatively short notice. If the FDA determines that our promotional materials or training constitutes promotion of an unapproved or uncleared use, it could request that we modify our training or promotional materials or subject us to regulatory or enforcement actions. It is also possible that other federal, state or foreign enforcement authorities might take action if they consider our promotional or training materials to constitute promotion of an unapproved use, which could result in significant fines or penalties under other statutory authorities, such as laws prohibiting false claims for reimbursement.

Failure by us or by our third-party manufacturers and suppliers to comply with applicable regulatory requirements can result in enforcement action by the FDA or other regulatory authorities, which may result in sanctions including, but not limited to:

Proteins Intended for Therapeutic Use

In the United States, proteins intended for therapeutic use, whether derived from plants, animals, microorganisms, or recombinant versions of these products, are regulated as biological products that have been transferred from the FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, or CBER, to the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, or CDER. CDER has regulatory responsibility, including premarket review and continuing oversight over the transferred products. Cellular products, including products composed of human, bacterial, or animal cells, or from physical parts of those cells, remain under the jurisdiction of CDER.

Our products are based on our recombinant type I human collagen, or rhCollagen, a form of human collagen produced with our proprietary plant based genetic engineering technology. Therefore, we believe our underlying platform technology would be regulated as a drug in the U.S.

Regenerative Medicine Advanced Therapy Designation

Under section 3033 of the 21st Cures Act, or Cures Act, a drug is eligible for regenerative medicine advanced therapy (RMAT) designation if (1) the drug is a regenerative medicine therapy, which is defined as a cell therapy, therapeutic tissue engineering product, human cell and tissue product, or any Combination Product using such therapies or products, except for those regulated solely under section 361 of the PHS Act and 21 C.F.R. Part 1271, (2) the drug is intended to treat, modify, reverse, or cure a serious or life-threatening disease or condition, and (3) preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug has the potential to address unmet medical needs for such disease or condition. If we pursue U.S. marketing approval for any of our products, we may be able to avail ourselves of this pathway or another expedited pathway.

Human Cells, Tissues, and Cellular and Tissue-Based Products Regulation

Under Section 361 of the PHS Act, the FDA issued specific regulations governing the use of human cells, tissues, and cellular and tissue-based products, or HCT/Ps, in humans. Pursuant to Part 1271 of Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations, or Part 1271, the FDA established a unified registration and listing system for establishments that manufacture and process HCT/Ps. The regulations also include provisions pertaining to donor eligibility determinations; current good tissue practices covering all stages of production, including harvesting, processing, manufacture, storage, labeling, packaging, and distribution; and other procedures to prevent the introduction, transmission, and spread of communicable diseases.

The HCT/P regulations strictly constrain the types of products that may be regulated solely under these regulations. Factors considered include the degree of manipulation, whether the product is intended for a homologous function, whether the product has been combined with noncellular or non-tissue components, and the product’s effect or dependence on the body’s metabolic function. In those instances where cells, tissues, and cellular and tissue-based products have been only minimally manipulated, are intended strictly for homologous use, have not been combined with noncellular or nontissue substances, and do not depend on or have any effect on the body’s metabolism, the manufacturer is only required to register with the FDA, submit a list of manufactured products, and adopt and implement procedures for the control of communicable diseases. If one or more of the above factors has been exceeded, the product would be regulated as a drug, biological product, or medical device rather than an HCT/P.

We do not believe that Part 1271 requirements currently apply to us because we are not currently investigating, marketing or selling cellular therapy products in the U.S. If we were to change our business operations in the future, the FDA requirements that apply to us may also change, and we would potentially need to expend significant resources to comply with these requirements.

European Union

Legal Requirements for Medical Devices in the EU

Under the European Union Medical Device Directive, or EU MDD, medical devices must meet the EU MDD requirements and receive a CE marking certification prior to marketing in the European Union, or EU. CE marking is the uniform labeling system of products designed to facilitate the supervision and control of the EU concerning manufacturers’ compliance with the various regulations and directives of the EU and to clarify the obligations imposed in the various legislative provisions in the EU. Use of a uniform product labeling indicates compliance with all of the directives and regulations required for the application of such labeling, and it is effective as a manufacturer’s declaration that the product meets the required criteria and technical specifications of the relevant authorities such as health, safety, and environmental protection. CE marking ensures free trade between the EU and European Economic Area (or EEA) countries (Switzerland, Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway) and permits the enforcement and customs authorities in European countries not to allow the marketing of similar products that do not bear the CE marking sign. Such certification allows, among other things, marking the products (according to various categories) with the CE marking and their sale and marketing in the EU.

CE marking certification under the MDD requires the performance of a conformity assessment procedure to establish that a product meets the essential requirements under the MDD. The nature of the conformity assessment procedure and the data required under it - including the question whether or not a clinical investigation of a device is required - depends on the risk class of the respective device. Devices of the lowest risk class, class I, are subject to self-certification by the manufacturer, while devices of higher risk classes, i.e., classes IIa, IIb and III, require a comprehensive quality system program, comprehensive technical documentation and data on the product, which are then reviewed by a Notified Body, or NB. An NB is an organization designated by the national governments of the EU member states to make independent judgments about whether a product complies with the EU MDD requirements and to grant the CE certificate if we, and our product, comply with specified terms. After receiving the CE certificate, we must pass a review carried out by the competent NB annually, under which it audits our facilities to verify our compliance with the ISO 13485 quality system standard. The CE-certificate is a requirement for the declaration of conformity we issue for our medical devices and for our legitimate affixing of the CE-mark to our products.

Compliance with the ISO 13485 standard, for medical device quality management systems, is required for regulatory purposes in the EU with regard to devices of risk class IIa or higher. ISO standards are recognized international quality standards that are designed to ensure that we develop and manufacture quality medical devices. Other countries are also instituting regulations regarding medical devices. Compliance with these regulations requires extensive documentation and clinical reports for all of our products, revisions to labeling, and other requirements such as facility inspections to comply with the registration requirements.

In February 2016, we received the CE certification for VergenixFG, and in October 2016, we received the CE certification for VergenixSTR. In December 2012, we received CE certification for VergenixWD in Europe. VergenixWD was our first medical product based on collagen protein derived from plants that is authorized for sale and marketing in Europe, but we are not currently promoting a marketing strategy for VergenixWD, which is considered a commodity product and is not targeted towards the advanced wound care market, which is our target market.

In February 2019, we received DEKRA (European Union Notified Body) Certification for the manufacturing and purification of our recombinant human collagen, rhCollagen. The Rehovot production facility is now covered by the current CollPlant ISO13485:2016 certification.

On May 27, 2020, the new Regulation Reg. EU No. 745/2017 on Medical Devices (Medical Devices Regulation) will become applicable and replace the existing regulatory framework for medical devices in the EU. The Medical Devices Regulation strengthens the medical devices rules in the EU. In particular, the Medical Devices Regulation will result in several medical devices being classified in higher risk classes and therefore face elevated regulatory requirements. In addition, the Medical Devices Regulation will generally elevate regulatory requirements to medical devices. As a result, it is likely that it will become more difficult to market medical devices and costs incurred for clinical evaluation, conformity assessment and post marketing surveillance will increase. These regulatory changes may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations or restrict our operations.

Legal Requirements for Drugs in the EU

We do not believe that our products are currently subject to EU or Member States’ regulation on drugs. However, given that our products are highly innovative, a risk remains that regulatory authorities, notified bodies, competitors and/or courts might be of a different opinion. Consequently, there is a risk that discussions might be started with regard to the regulatory status of our products.

If one or more of our current or future products would have the status of a drug under the law of the EU or one or more of its Member States, regulatory requirements for such product(s) would be significantly higher. In particular, a drug can only be placed on the market if it has been authorized by the competent regulatory authority either under the EU centralized procedure, the decentralized or mutual recognition procedure or under a Member State’s national procedure. Marketing authorizations for drugs under all of the different authorization procedures are expensive and time consuming and require the performance of extensive pre-clinical and clinical research. If one or more of our products would be considered drugs by a regulatory authority, notified body or court of the EU or a Member State, it is possible that we would be forced to take the respective product(s) off the market until they have received marketing approval under pharmaceutical law. In addition, this might also lead to administrative fines, criminal prosecution and/or claims raised by customers and/or competitors.

China

China’s medical device market, currently in a rapid state of expansion, is overseen by the National Medical Product Administration, or NMPA (formerly the China Food and Drug Administration). The NMPA issues registration certificates required for all medical devices sold in China. The NMPA uses a risk-based system, and its approval process requires mandatory testing for Class II and III devices. Class II devices are moderate-risk devices and Class III devices are high-risk medical devices. Third-party reviews of devices are currently not allowed in China; only the NMPA is authorized to approve devices. The registration process requires the submission of a registration standard along with device samples for testing. Manufacturers of Class II and Class III medical devices are also required to demonstrate that the device has been approved by the country of origin with documents like a CE certificate, 510(k) letter and PMA approval and compliance with ISO 13485, and they may also be required to submit clinical data in support of their application. In addition to these requirements, all medical device manufacturers must also include product information in Chinese on all packaging and labeling. Manufacturers exporting medical devices to China must appoint several China-based agents to act on their behalf. These include a registration agent to coordinate the NMPA registration process, a legal agent to handle any adverse events reported with a registered device, including a product recall, and an after-sales agent to provide technical service and maintenance support.

Other U.S. Federal Healthcare Laws and Regulations

Healthcare providers, physicians, and third-party payors play a primary role in the recommendation and medical devices that are granted marketing approval. In the United States, we are subject to laws and regulations pertaining to healthcare fraud and abuse, including anti-kickback laws and physician self-referral laws that regulate the means by which companies in the healthcare industry may market their products to hospitals and healthcare providers and may compete by discounting the prices of their products. The delivery of our products is subject to regulation regarding reimbursement, and federal healthcare laws apply when a customer submits a claim for a product that is reimbursed under a federally funded healthcare program. These rules require that we exercise care in structuring our sales and marketing practices and customer discount arrangements.

Arrangements with healthcare providers, third-party payors, and other customers are subject to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, including the following:

Healthcare providers that purchase medical devices generally rely on third-party payors, including, in the United States, the Medicare and Medicaid programs and private payors, such as indemnity insurers, employer group health insurance programs, and managed care plans, to reimburse all or part of the cost of the products. As a result, demand for our products is and will continue to be dependent in part on the coverage and reimbursement policies of these payors. The manner in which reimbursement is sought and obtained varies based upon the type of payor involved and the setting in which the product is furnished and utilized. Reimbursement from Medicare, Medicaid, and other third-party payors may be subject to periodic adjustments as a result of legislative, regulatory, and policy changes as well as budgetary pressures. Possible reductions in, or eliminations of, coverage or reimbursement by third-party payors, or denial of, or provision of uneconomical reimbursement for new products, may affect our customers’ revenue and ability to purchase our products. Any changes in the healthcare regulatory, payment, or enforcement landscape relative to our customers’ healthcare services has the potential to significantly affect our operations and revenue.

Other Approvals

Our international operations, as well as being an Israeli company, subject us to laws regarding sanctioned countries, entities, and persons; customs, import-export, and laws regarding transactions in foreign countries; and the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and local anti-bribery and other laws regarding interactions with healthcare providers. Among other things, these laws restrict, and in some cases can prevent, United States companies from directly or indirectly selling goods, technology, or services to people or entities in certain countries. In addition, these laws require that we exercise care in structuring our sales and marketing practices in foreign countries.

In addition to the above regulations, we are and may be subject to regulation under country-specific federal and state laws, including, but not limited to, requirements regarding record keeping and the maintenance of personal information, including personal health information. As a public company whose securities will be registered pursuant to the Securities Act, we will be subject to U.S. securities laws and regulations, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We also are subject to other present, and could be subject to possible future, local, state, federal, and non-U.S. regulations in countries in which we will distribute our products.

Israeli Ministry of Agriculture

The process of growth of transgenic plants and the treatment thereof is subject to the regulations published by the Israeli Ministry of Agriculture and the approval of the Ministry of Agriculture to engage in the cultivation of recombinant plants. Although the Ministry of Agriculture requirements do not necessarily apply to our operations, we hold a valid permit from the Plant Protection and Inspection Services Administration, or PPIS, for growing tobacco plants in greenhouses in the north of Israel, as well as in all of our subcontractors’ facilities.

Business Licensing

Under the Israeli Licensing of Businesses Law, to which our production site and laboratories are subject, operating a business without a license or temporary permit is a criminal offense. We have a business license for our laboratories and offices, in effect until December 31, 2019. We have a business license for our production site at Yessod Hama’ala, in effect until November 3, 2019.

Planning and Zoning

Our production sites and laboratories are subject to the Israeli Planning and Zoning Law, which sets provisions and obligations, inter alia, regarding the licensing process for a new building, including building permits, non-conforming use and easements, the supervision over its construction, and the required occupancy permits. According to the Planning and Zoning Law, work or use of land without a permit where such permit is required, a deviation from the permit granted, or use of agricultural land in violation of the law, constitutes a criminal offense.

Employees

As of December 31, 2018, we had 40 full-time employees, including ten in research and development, twenty-two in manufacturing and eight in sales, general and administrative positions. Seven of our employees have either MDs or PhDs. All of our employees are located in Israel. We believe our employee relations are good.

In addition, we employ a limited number of part-time employees on a temporary basis, as well as consultants and service providers.

Israeli labor laws govern the length of the workday, minimum wages for employees, procedures for hiring and dismissing employees, determination of the scope of severance pay, annual leave, sick days, advance notice of termination of employment, equal opportunity and anti-discrimination laws, and other conditions of employment. Subject to specified exceptions, Israeli law generally requires severance pay upon the retirement, death, or dismissal of an employee. We fund our ongoing severance obligations by making monthly payments to insurance policies that comply with the applicable Israeli legal requirements. All of our current employees have agreed that upon termination of their employment, they will be entitled to receive only the amounts accrued in the insurance policies with respect to severance pay. Furthermore, Israeli employers and employees are required to make payments to the National Insurance Institute, which is similar to the U.S. Social Security Administration.

None of our employees currently work under any collective bargaining agreements.

Environmental, Health, and Safety Matters

Our research, development, and manufacturing processes involve the controlled use of certain hazardous materials. Therefore, we are subject to extensive environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations in a number of jurisdictions in Israel, governing, among other things: the use, storage, registration, handling, emission, and disposal of chemicals, waste materials, and sewage; chemicals, air, water, and ground contamination; air emissions; and the cleanup of contaminated sites, including any contamination that results from spills due to our failure to properly dispose of chemicals, waste materials, and sewage. Our operations at our Ness-Ziona manufacturing facility use chemicals and produce waste materials and sewage. Our activities require permits from various governmental authorities including local municipal authorities, the Ministry of Environmental Protection, and the Ministry of Health. The Ministry of Environmental Protection, the Ministry of Health, local authorities, and the municipal water and sewage company conduct periodic inspections in order to review and ensure our compliance with various regulations.

These laws, regulations, and permits could potentially require the expenditure by us of significant amounts for compliance or remediation. We believe that our environmental, health, and safety procedures for handling and disposing of these materials comply with the standards prescribed by the controlling laws and regulations. If we fail to comply with such laws, regulations, or permits, we may be subject to fines and other civil, administrative, or criminal sanctions, including the revocation of permits and licenses necessary to continue our business activities. In addition, we may be required to pay damages or civil judgments with respect to third-party claims, including those relating to personal injury (including exposure to hazardous substances we use, store, handle, transport, manufacture, or dispose of), property damage, or contribution claims. These risks are managed to minimize or eliminate associated business impacts. Some environmental, health, and safety laws allow for strict joint and several liability for remediation costs, regardless of comparative fault. We may be identified as a responsible party under such laws. Such developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations as these kinds of liabilities could exceed our resources. We could be subject to a regulatory shutdown of a facility that could prevent the distribution and sale of products manufactured in such facility for a significant period of time, and we could suffer a casualty loss that could require a shutdown of the facility in order to repair it, any of which could have a material, adverse effect on our business. Although we continuously strive to maintain full compliance with respect to all applicable global environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations, we could incur substantial costs to fully comply with future laws and regulations, and our operations, business, or assets may be negatively affected.

In addition, compliance with laws and regulations relating to environmental, health, and safety matters is an ongoing process and is often subject to change. In the event of any changes or new laws or regulations, we could be subject to new compliance measures or to penalties for activities which were previously permitted. For instance, Israeli regulations were promulgated in 2012 relating to the discharge of industrial sewage into the sewer system. These regulations establish new and potentially significant fines for discharging forbidden or irregular sewage into the sewage system. We have compliance procedures in place for employee health and safety programs, driven by a centrally led organizational structure that ensures proper implementation, which is essential to our overall business objectives.

We invest resources in creating a green production environment and in the treatment and disposal of waste using environmentally friendly processes. We have received all the necessary permits from the Ministry of Environmental Protection regarding our operations in Yessod Hama’ala and Ness-Ziona. We consult with environmental consultants for direction on environmental issues.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time we may become involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are currently not a party to any material legal or administrative proceedings and, except as set forth below, are not aware of any pending or threatened material legal or administrative proceedings against us.

On September 6, 2017, we received a VAT assessment from the Israel Tax Authority according to which we are required to pay tax in the amount of NIS 1.5 million, plus linkage differentials and interest, for the years 2012-2016. We disputed the position of the Israel Tax Authority resulting the latter to increase its VAT assessment and require us to pay tax in the amount of NIS 1.8 million (including linkage differentials and interest) for the abovementioned period. We have appealed the entire assessment to the District Court, in view of our position that we are not liable for the entire tax requirement. A preliminary hearing in the District Court in Lod, Israel is scheduled for May 2019.  Our position relies, among other things, on an agreement signed between us and the Israel Tax Authority in 2011, which allows us to deduct VAT as stated.

We currently have one wholly owned subsidiary: CollPlant Ltd., which is incorporated in the State of Israel.

From March 31, 2019, our corporate headquarters and research facilities are located in the Weizmann Science Park in Rehovot, Israel. In November 2018, we entered into a new lease for an aggregate of approximately 13,450 square feet of office and laboratory space. The rent period effectively began on March 31, 2019. The term of the lease is for 65 months, commencing on November 15, 2018 and ending on April 15, 2024, with an option to extend the lease for an additional five years. Monthly rent is NIS 89,000. We have invested, and expect to further invest approximately NIS 3.6 million in improvements in the infrastructure, offices, labs and equipment in our new office space, net of participation by the landlord. From June 2008 to March 31, 2019, we leased an aggregate of approximately 7,653 square feet of office and laboratory space in Ness-Ziona, pursuant to lease agreements which expired, following extensions, on March 31, 2019.

We rent additional areas in Yessod Hama’ala, Israel, of approximately 64,583 square feet of greenhouse and manufacturing facility pursuant to a lease agreement that expires on April 20, 2021. In addition, on July 28, 2016, we leased additional space in Rehovot, Israel, of approximately 6,329 square feet for development and production activities pursuant to a lease agreement that expires on July 28, 2019, with an option to extend for four additional years.

The majority of our research and development work is carried out at our offices and research laboratories in Weizmann Science Park, Israel. The plant research process of our rhCollagen is carried out at our site in the north Israel. We use greenhouses for tobacco growing and other development services in several areas in Israel, where we are using subcontractors under several agreements. We produce our rhCollagen and BioInk in our two production sites, in the north of Israel and in Rehovot.

We believe that our existing facilities are adequate for our near-term needs. When our leases expire, we may look for extension periods or alternate space for our operations. We believe that suitable additional or alternative space and area would be available if required in the future on commercially reasonable terms. 

Not applicable.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with the section titled “Item 3.A.—Selected Financial Data” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F. This discussion and other parts of this Annual Report on Form 20-F contain forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. This discussion and other parts of this Annual Report on Form 20-F contain forward-looking statements that involve risk and uncertainties, such as statements of our plans, objectives, expectations, and intentions. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in these forward looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the section titled “Item 3.D.—Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report in Form 20-F.

The share and per share numbers in the following discussion reflect a 1-for-3 reverse share split that we effected on November 20, 2016. We report financial information under IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, and none of the financial statements were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States.

Overview

We are a regenerative medicine company focused on developing and commercializing tissue repair products, initially for 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs, dermal fillers for aesthetics, orthobiologics, and advanced wound care markets. Our products are based on our rhCollagen, a form of human collagen produced with our proprietary plant-based genetic engineering technology. We believe our technology is the only commercially viable technology available for the production of genetically engineered, or recombinant, human collagen. We believe that our rhCollagen, though laboratory-derived, is identical to the type I collagen produced by the human body and has significant advantages compared to currently available tissue-derived collagens, including improved biofunctionality, high homogeneity, and reduced risk of immune response. We believe the attributes of our rhCollagen make it suitable for numerous tissue repair applications throughout the human body. We believe that the annual market size for our BioInk, VergenixSTR, VergenixFG and our dermal filler exceeded $8 billion in 2016 and is estimated to reach $12 billion in 2024.

Our rhCollagen-based BioInk for use in the 3D printing of tissues and organs is being developed to enable the printing of three-dimensional scaffolds combined with human cells and/or growth factors as a basis for tissue or organ formation. In addition to collagen, our BioInk formulations can include other proteins and/or polymers as well. Our BioInk is being developed to be compatible with numerous 3D bioprinting technologies and with printed organ characteristics. In October 2018, we entered into the United License Agreement, pursuant to which CollPlant and LB will collaborate in the development of engineered lungs or lung substitutes using our rhCollagen and BioInk.

Our VergenixSTR product is a soft tissue repair matrix that combines cross-linked rhCollagen with platelet-rich plasma, or PRP, a concentrated blood plasma that contains high levels of platelets and, in the European Union, is intended for the treatment of tendinopathy. We commenced commercial sales of VergenixSTR in December 2016. Prior to that, in August 2016, we completed an open label, single arm, multi-center clinical trial of VergenixSTR of 40 patients in Israel to demonstrate safety and to evaluate the performance of VergenixSTR in patients suffering from tennis elbow or lateral epicondylitis, an inflammation of the tendons that join the forearm muscles on the outside of the elbow. In October 2016, we received CE marking for VergenixSTR, which is required for a product to be marketed in the European Union, and in November 2016, we entered into an exclusive distribution agreement with Arthrex for VergenixSTR covering Europe, the Middle East, India, and certain African countries. In November 2018, we entered into an exclusive distribution agreement with Joinsmart Biomedical Co. for VergenixSTR in Taiwan. The distributor is currently in the process of certification and authorization of VergenixSTR, as required in Taiwan.

Our VergenixFG product is a wound-filling flowable gel made from our rhCollagen, which in the European Union is intended for treatment of deep surgical incisions and wounds including diabetic ulcers, burns, bedsores, and other chronic wounds. We completed an open label, single arm, multi-center clinical trial of VergenixFG of 20 patients in Israel to demonstrate safety and to evaluate the performance of VergenixFG in patients with hard-to-heal chronic wounds of the lower limbs. In February 2016, we received CE marking certification for VergenixFG, and in July 2016, we supplied our first order in Europe.

To date, we have financed our operations primarily with the net proceeds from private placements and from public offerings of our securities on the TASE, participation in product development collaborations, and government grants from the IIA.

Since our inception, we have incurred significant losses. Our total comprehensive loss was NIS 13.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and NIS 20.9 million and NIS 27.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, we had an accumulated deficit of NIS 184.7 million.

We expect to continue to incur expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if and as we:

Financial Operations Overview

Revenue

Our ability to generate significant revenues depend on the successful commercialization of our rhCollagen-based BioInk, VergenixSTR and VergenixFG. In the year ended December 31, 2018, we reported revenues of NIS 18.0 million ($4.8 million) from the United License Agreement and the sale of rhCollagen-based BioInk in the United States and from the sales of VergenixSTR and VergenixFG in Europe.

Our revenues are measured at fair value of the consideration received or receivable for the sale of goods in the ordinary course of business. Revenues are recognized to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to us and the revenues can be reliably measured. Revenues from the sale of products are recognized when all the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the products have passed to the buyer.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred for the development of both of our rhCollagen based developed products. Those expenses include:

Research and development activities are the primary focus of our business. Products in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. We expect that our research and development expenses will continue to be significant in absolute dollars in future periods as we continue to invest in research and development activities related to the development of our products.

Our total research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 were NIS 16.2 million ($4.3 million), NIS 16.9 million ($4.9 million) and NIS 29.2 million ($7.6 million), respectively. The research and development expenditures on our rhCollagen technology and our products for the year ended December 31, 2018 include royalties expenses to the IIA in the amounts of NIS 3.2 million ($861,000) net of government grants. In the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 these expenses were partly funded in the amounts NIS 2.9 million ($836,000) and NIS 12.4 million ($3.2 million), respectively, by Bioventus and government grants net of royalties expenses. To date we have charged all research and development expenses to operations as they are incurred.

There are numerous factors associated with the successful commercialization of any of our products, including future trial design and various regulatory requirements, many of which cannot be determined with accuracy at this time. Additionally, future commercial and regulatory factors beyond our control will affect our clinical development programs and plans.

Participation in Research and Development Expenses

Our research and development expenses are net of the following participations by third parties.

Participation by the Israel Innovation Authority. We have received grants from IIA part of the research and development programs for our rhCollagen technology and our products. The requirements and restrictions for such grants are found in the Innovation Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder. These grants are subject to repayment through future royalty payments on any products resulting from these research and development programs, including VergenixSTR and VergenixFG. Under the Innovation Law and related regulations, royalties of 3% - 6% on the income generated from sales of products and from related services developed in whole or in part under IIA programs are payable to the IIA, up to the total amount of grants received, linked to the U.S. dollar and bearing interest at an annual rate of LIBOR applicable to U.S. dollar deposits, as published on the first business day of each calendar year. The total gross amount of grants actually received by us from the IIA as of December 31, 2018 totaled approximately NIS 37.4 million ($10.0 million). As of December 31, 2018, we paid NIS 5.5 million ($1.5 million) to the IIA.

In addition to paying any royalty due, we must abide by other restrictions associated with receiving such grants under the Innovation Law that continue to apply following repayment to the IIA. These restrictions may impair our ability to outsource manufacturing or otherwise transfer our know-how outside of Israel and may require us to obtain the approval of the IIA for certain actions and transactions and pay additional royalties and other amounts to the IIA. For more information, see “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Capital Requirements—The IIA grants we have received for research and development expenditures restrict our ability to manufacture products and transfer know-how outside of Israel and require us to satisfy specified conditions.” If we fail to comply with the Innovation Law, we may be subject to civil claims and criminal charges.

Research and development grants received from the IIA are recognized upon receipt as a liability if future economic benefits are expected from the project that will result in royalty-bearing sales. The amount of the liability for the loan is first measured at fair value using a discount rate that reflects a market rate of interest that reflects the appropriate degree of risks inherent in our business. The change in the fair value of the liability associated with grants from the IIA is reflected as an increase or decrease in our research and development expenses for the relevant quarter.

Under applicable accounting rules, the grants from the IIA have been accounted for as an off-set against the related research and development expenses in our financial statements. Our balance sheet liabilities include obligations regarding royalties that we are obligated to pay to the IIA based on future sales of our products. As a result, our research and development expenses are shown on our financial statements net of the IIA grants, and the participation in research and development expenses are shown on our financial statements net of the provision for IIA royalties. See Note 2G in our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 for more information.

Participation by collaborators. In 2011, we entered into a joint development agreement with Pfizer for the development of a product for the orthopedic market, the Surgical Matrix Carrier, comprised of a growth factor and our rhCollagen, along with other components. This agreement expired in 2013. From 2013 to 2017, this co-development continued with Bioventus, which acquired the rights for commercialization of the growth factor from Pfizer and to whom Pfizer assigned certain of its rights and obligations under the 2011 joint development agreement. In March 2017, the co-development with Bioventus terminated.

General, Administrative, and Marketing Expenses

Our general and administrative expenses consist principally of:

We expect that our general, administrative, and marketing expenses will increase in the future as our business expands and we incur additional general and administrative costs associated with being a public company in the United States, including compliance under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and rules promulgated by the SEC. These public company-related increases will likely include costs of additional personnel, additional legal fees, audit fees, directors’ liability insurance premiums, and costs related to investor relations. We also expect that our marketing expenses will increase, as we will incur additional marketing costs associated with the commencement of sales, when and if our products are approved.

Financial Income/Financial Expense

Financial income includes interest income regarding short term deposits and exchange rate differences. Financial expense consists primarily of exchange rate differences and bank commissions.

Taxes on Income

We do not generate taxable income in Israel, as we have historically incurred operating losses resulting in carry forward tax losses. As of December 31, 2018, we have incurred operating losses of approximately NIS 152 million ($41 million) for CollPlant Holdings Ltd. and NIS 12.6 million ($3.4 million) for CollPlant Ltd. We anticipate that we will be able to carry forward these tax losses indefinitely to future tax years assuming that we utilize them at the first opportunity. Accordingly, we do not expect to pay taxes in Israel until we have taxable income after the full utilization of our carry forward tax losses.

The standard corporate tax rate in Israel is 23%. Under the Investment Law, and other Israeli laws, we may be entitled to certain additional tax benefits, including reduced tax rates, accelerated depreciation, and amortization rates for tax purposes on certain assets and amortization of other intangible property rights for tax purposes.

The table below provides our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

Revenues

We generated revenues from the sale of VergenixFG, VergenixSTR, and our BioInk, as well as revenues from the United License Agreement in the year ended December 31, 2018 of approximately NIS 18.0 million ($4.8 million) compared to NIS 1.7 million ($481,000) in the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in revenues in 2018 was primarily due to revenues recognized from the United License Agreement in the amount of NIS 14.7 million ($4.0 million) which comprised of NIS 11.0 million ($3.0 million) from the license and NIS 3.7 million ($1.0 million) from proceeds regarding the payment to the IIA. In addition, we had an increase in revenues from product sales and rendering of services in the total amount of NIS 1.6 million ($427,000).

We generated revenues from the sale of VergenixFG, VergenixSTR, and our BioInk in the year ended December 31, 2017 of approximately NIS 1.7 million ($481,000) compared to NIS 292,000 ($76,000) in the year ended December 31, 2016. The increase in sales in 2017 was due to initial sales of BioInk in the amount of NIS 689,000 ($199,000) and an increase in the volume of VergenixFG and VergenixSTR sales activity which was due to a number of factors including the following: (i) sales for the year ended December 31, 2017 included twelve months of sales activity of VergenixFG and VergenixSTR while the comparable period only included less than six months for VergenixFG as the first commercial sales commenced in July 2016, and less than one month for VergenixSTR as the first commercial sales commenced in December 2016, and (ii) the number of European territories has expanded from two territories for Vergenix FG and Vergenix STR combined in the year ended December 31, 2016 to more than ten territories for VergenixFG and VergenixSTR combined in the year ended December 31, 2017. As the demand for our products has increased, there was no material change in the average product’s sale prices.

Cost of revenue

We incurred cost of revenue in the amount of NIS 1.4 million ($380,000) in the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to NIS 52,000 ($15,000) in the year ended December 31, 2017. Cost of revenue includes mainly the cost of VergenixFG, VergenixSTR, and our rhCollagen based BioInk. The increase in cost of revenue in the amount of NIS 1.3 million ($367,000) is primarily due to the increase in revenues generated from BioInk sales.

Research and Development Expenses

We incurred research and development expenses of NIS 16.2 million ($4.3 million) in the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to NIS 16.9 million ($4.9 million) in the year ended December 31, 2017. The expenses primarily related to the development of our BioInk product, other development projects such as our aesthetics dermal filler and process development in our Rehovot facility. The decrease in the amount of NIS 700,000 ($187,000) is mainly due to reduction in research and development subcontractors expenses.

The participation by parties not affiliated with the Company in the research and development expenses are presented at net and accumulates to NIS 3.2 million ($861,000) in 2018, compared to NIS 2.9 million ($836,000) in 2017. The gross participation in 2018 accumulates to NIS 1.3 million ($347,000) before deduction of royalties’ payments to the IIA in connection with the United License Agreement, in the amounts of NIS 4.7 million ($1.2 million) and income from re-measurement of the liability to the IIA. Excluding the royalties payments, the decrease was in the amount of NIS 1.7 million ($454,000), and is mainly due to a decrease in income from re-measurement of the liability to the IIA amounting to NIS 832,000 ($222,000) and a decrease from termination of the development of the Surgical Matrix Carrier in March 2017, a project that was fully funded by Bioventus amounting to NIS 537,000 (143,000).

Research and development expenses decreased from NIS 16.9 million ($4.9 million) in the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to NIS 29.2 million ($7.6 million) in the year ended December 31, 2016. The expenses primarily related to the development of our BioInk, VergenixSTR and VergenixFG, and other development projects. In addition, expenses include development costs related to the Surgical Matrix Carrier incurred through the end of March 2017. The total decrease in expenses amounting to NIS 12.3 million ($3.5 million) is primarily due to (i) a decrease in subcontractors and consumables expenses attributable to a reduction in the amount of NIS 8.0 million ($2.3 million) in production and product development cost and expenses in the amount of NIS 1.8 ($519,000) million related to the Surgical Matrix Carrier, a project that ended in March 2017, and (ii) a reduction in salaries and amortization of equity-based compensation in the amount of NIS 2.0 million ($577,000) related to a reduction of development staff costs.

The participation by parties not affiliated with the Company in the research and development expenses was NIS 2.9 million ($836,000) in 2017, compared to NIS 12.4 million ($3.2 million) in 2016. The decrease in the amount of NIS 9.5 million ($2.4 million) is mainly due to termination of the development of the Surgical Matrix Carrier in March 2017, a project that was fully funded by Bioventus.

General, Administrative, and Marketing Expenses

We incurred general, administrative, and marketing expenses of NIS 12.5 million ($3.3 million) in the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to NIS 8.3 million ($2.4 million) in the year ended December 31, 2017. The total increase in expenses amounting to NIS 4.2 million ($1.1 million) is primarily due to (i) an increase in legal and professional expenses of NIS 1.6 million ($427,000) related to our US capital market expenses as a Nasdaq traded company, and (ii) an increase in salaries and amortization of equity-based compensation in the amount of NIS 2.6 million ($694,000).

We incurred general, administrative, and marketing expenses of NIS 8.3 million ($2.4 million) in the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to NIS 11.0 million ($2.9 million) in the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease is primarily attributable to a decrease of NIS 2.7 million ($720,000) related to costs of our fundraising efforts in the U.S. in 2016.

Financial Expenses (Income), Net

Financial income, net, totaled NIS 1.4 million ($380,000) in the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to financial expense, net of NIS 127,000 ($36,000) in the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in financial income in 2018 as compared to the year 2017 was mainly due to (i) remeasurement of financial instruments amounting to NIS 891,000 ($238,000), and (ii) exchange rate differences in the U.S. dollar exchange rate against the NIS amounting to NIS 759,000 ($203,000), where the U.S. dollar exchange rate increased compared to the NIS, and affected our U.S. dollar currency cash and cash equivalents.

Financial expenses, net, totaled NIS 127,000 ($36,000) in the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to financial expense, net of NIS 348,000 ($90,000) in the year ended December 31, 2016. The decrease in 2017 as compared to the same period in 2016 was due to exchange rate differences in the U.S. dollar exchange rate against the NIS, where the U.S. dollar exchange rate decreased compared to the NIS, and affected our U.S. dollar currency cash and cash equivalents and affected our liability for remaining obligations to the IIA.

Significant Accounting Estimates and Judgments

Estimates and judgments are reviewed on an ongoing basis and are based on past experience and other factors, including expectations of future events, which are considered reasonable in view of current circumstances.

Significant Accounting Estimates

We make estimates and assumptions with respect to the future. By nature, the accounting estimates are rarely identical to actual results. The estimate that has a significant risk of resulting in a material adjustment to carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the next financial year is listed below.

Impairment of In Process Research and Development

We annually review the need to record impairment of in process research and development, or IPR&D. To test for impairment, we as a whole have been identified as the smallest cash-generating unit to which the intangible asset can be attributed. Accordingly, we measure our recoverable amount as a whole. The recoverable amount is the higher of value in use and fair value less costs of disposal. In accordance with IFRS 13, the quoted market price in an active market provides the most reliable evidence of fair value. Since fair value less costs of disposal, which is based on our market price, is significantly higher than the carrying amount of the cash-generating unit, we determined that no impairment exists.

Fair value measurement of debentures

We measured the fair value of the debentures based on accepted valuation models and assumptions regarding unobservable inputs used in the valuation models. See also Note 12 to the financial statements.

Significant Judgments Made When Applying our Accounting Policies

Grants from the IIA

In accordance with the accounting treatment prescribed in Note 2G to our financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F, our management is required to examine whether there is reasonable assurance that the IIA grant that was received will be repaid. In addition, if, at the date of initial recognition, the grant is recognized in the statement of comprehensive income (loss), then in subsequent periods our management is required to evaluate whether it is no longer reasonably assured that royalties will not be paid to the IIA. In such a case, a liability would be recognized based on our best estimate of the amount required to settle our royalty obligation to the IIA.

As of December 31, 2018, grants received were recorded against the related research and development expenses in the statement of comprehensive loss.

As of December 31, 2018, two of our products for the orthobiologics and advanced wound care markets received marketing clearance in Europe. Following the signing of distribution agreements for more than ten different countries and the supply of orders for VergenixFG, and the distribution agreement signed with Arthrex for VergenixSTR, we believe that, as of December 31, 2018, there is reasonable assurance that NIS 1.2 million of royalties will be paid to the IIA and a liability is included in our financial statements as of December 31, 2018.

Development Costs

Development costs are capitalized in accordance with the accounting policy described in Note 2E(3) to our financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F. Capitalization of costs is based on management’s judgment about technological and economic feasibility.

Our management believes that as of December 31, 2018, the above conditions were not met; therefore development costs were not capitalized.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

IFRS 16 Leases

IFRS 16 will replace, upon first-time implementation, the existing guidance in IAS 17—Leases, or IAS 17. The standard sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of leases, and is expected to have a material impact mainly on the accounting treatment applied by the lessee in a lease transaction.

IFRS 16 changes the existing guidance in IAS 17 and requires lessees to recognize a lease liability that reflects future lease payments and a “right-of-use asset” in all lease contracts (except for the following exemption), with no distinction between financing and capital leases. IFRS 16 exempts lessees in short-term leases or when the underlying asset has a low value.

IFRS 16 changes the definition of a “lease” and the manner of assessing whether a contract contains a lease.

IFRS 16 is effective retrospectively for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019, taking into account the relief specified in the transitional provisions of IFRS 16. We are assessing the expected impact of IFRS 16 on our financial statements as described in Note 2T(1) to our financial statements.

JOBS Act

With less than $1.07 billion in revenues during our last fiscal year, we qualify as an emerging growth company under the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified provisions in the JOBS Act that provide exemptions or reductions of its regulatory burdens related to reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include an exemption from the auditor attestation requirement in the assessment of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We may take advantage of some, but not necessarily all, of these provisions to reduce our burdens or exempt ourselves from regulatory requirements for up to five years or such earlier time that we are no longer deemed an emerging growth company. We have elected not to avail ourselves of an exemption that allows emerging growth companies to extend the transition period for complying with new or revised financial accounting standards. This election is irrevocable. We will be an emerging growth company until the earliest of: (i) the last day of the fiscal year during which we had total annual gross revenues of $1.07 billion or more, (ii) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the first sale of the ADSs pursuant to an effective registration statement, (iii) the date on which we have, during the previous three-year period, issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt, or (iv) the date on which we are deemed a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Regulation S-K under the Securities Act.

To date, we have financed our operations primarily with the net proceeds from private placements and from public offerings of our securities on the TASE, participation from product development collaborations, and government grants from the IIA.

Our recurring operating losses, negative cash flows and current cash position have raised substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. Our financial statements include a note describing the conditions which raise this substantial doubt. As a result, our independent registered public accounting firm included a “going concern” explanatory paragraph in its report on our financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018 with respect to this uncertainty. Our ability to continue as a going concern will require us to obtain additional financing to fund our operations. The perception of our ability to continue as a going concern may make it more difficult for us to obtain financing for the continuation of our operations and could result in the loss of confidence by investors, suppliers and employees. If we are not successful in raising capital through public or private offerings or reducing our expenses, we may exhaust our cash resources and will be unable to continue our operations. If we cannot continue as a viable entity, our shareholders would likely lose most or all of their investment in us.

We believe that, based on our current business plan, our existing cash and cash equivalents will be able to maintain our current planned development, manufacturing and marketing activities and the corresponding level of expenditures into the first quarter of 2020. This has led management to conclude in part that substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern exists. In the event we are unable to successfully raise additional capital during or before the end of 2019, we will not have sufficient cash flows and liquidity to finance our business operations as currently contemplated. Accordingly, in such circumstances we would be compelled to immediately reduce general and administrative expenses and delay research and development projects and clinical trials, until we are able to obtain sufficient financing. If such sufficient financing is not received timely, we would then need to pursue a plan to license or sell our assets, seek to be acquired by another entity, cease operations and/or seek bankruptcy protection.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our consolidated statement of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018.

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities

The use of cash in all periods resulted primarily from our net losses adjusted for non-cash charges and measurements and changes in components of working capital. Adjustments to net income for non-cash items include depreciation and amortization and share-based compensation.

Net cash used in operating activities resulted primarily from our net losses adjusted for non-cash charges and measurements and changes in components of working capital. Adjustments to net loss for non-cash items include depreciation and amortization, equity-based compensation and exchange differences on cash and cash equivalents. This cash flow mainly reflects the cash needed for funding the products and pipeline products development and management costs of the Company during the applicable periods.

Net cash used in operating activities in the year ended December 31, 2018 totaled NIS 4.7 million ($1.2 million) and consisted primarily of (i) a net loss of NIS 13.9 million ($3.7 million), adjusted for non-cash items including depreciation and amortization of NIS 1.5 million ($392,000) and shared-based compensation of NIS 5.2 million, ($1.4 million), and (ii) a net increase in operating assets and liabilities of NIS 4.1 million ($1.1 million), which are mainly attributable to an increase in contract liabilities of NIS 7.3 million ($1.9 million) relating to the United License Agreement, and an increase in inventory of NIS 2.4 million ($628,000) and an increase in trade receivables of NIS 1.6 million ($421,000), all as an outcome of the growth in production and sales activity of BioInk.

Net cash used in operating activities in the year ended December 31, 2017 totaled NIS 17.9 million ($5.2 million) and consisted primarily of (i) a net loss of NIS 20.9 million ($6.0 million), adjusted for non-cash items, including depreciation and amortization of NIS 1.0 million ($288,000) and share based compensation of NIS 5.0 million ($1.4 million), and (ii) a net increase in operating assets and liabilities of NIS 3.1 million ($894,000), which are mainly attributable to a decrease in royalties to the IIA liability of NIS 1.0 million ($288,000), and a decrease in trade payables and long term payable of NIS 2.2 million ($635,000) as a result of the decrease in our development activity with the Surgical Matrix Carrier.

Net cash used in operating activities in the year ended December 31, 2016 totaled NIS 19.3 million ($5.0 million) and consisted primarily of a net loss of NIS 27.9 million ($7.3 million), adjusted for non-cash items including depreciation and amortization of NIS 864,000 ($225,000) and share based compensation of NIS 3.6 million ($936,000), and a net decrease in operating assets and liabilities of NIS 3.9 million ($1.0 million), mainly attributable to an increase in royalties to the IIA liability of NIS 2.2 million ($572,000), an increase in trade payables and long term payable of NIS 2.5 million ($650,000), all as a result of an increase of our development activity with VergenixSTR and the Surgical Matrix Carrier and an increase in inventory of NIS 487,000 ($127,000 million).

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was NIS 3.6 million ($1.0 million) during the year ended December 31, 2018 and NIS 447,000 ($129,000) during the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in the amount of approximately NIS 3.2 million ($854,000) relates mainly to the purchases of property and equipment in the amount of NIS 3.0 million ($796,000) for the establishment of our production facility in Rehovot, and restricted deposit in the amount of NIS 620,000 ($166,000) against the lease of our new office and labs facility in Rehovot Israel.

Net cash used in investing activities was NIS 447,000 ($129,000) and NIS 492,000 ($128,000) for the year ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and related primarily to the purchases of property and equipment.

Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities amounted to approximately NIS 9.9 million ($2.6 million) for 2018 and NIS 32.4 million ($9.3 million) in 2017. In 2018, we consummated equity raises of net NIS 10.0 million ($2.7 million) in return for proceeds from the issuances of securities under the Alpha Purchase Agreement and several private investments of our existing shareholders. In addition we received, net of returns, NIS 168,000 ($46,000) from a loan and made payments of NIS 252,000 ($67,000) for equipment on financing terms.

Cash flow from financing activities in 2017 amounted to NIS 32.4 million ($9.3 million) mainly in return for the issuance of our securities under private purchase agreements, public equity raise and the exercise of warrants.

Net cash provided by financing activities was NIS 32.4 million ($9.3 million) for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to NIS 18.5 million ($4.8 million) in the year ended December 31, 2016. Proceeds generated by 2017 financing includes NIS 6.8 million ($2.0 million) in return for the issuance of our ordinary shares and warrants in an equity raise in Israel, NIS 3.6 million ($1.0 million) for exercise of warrants, and NIS 22.2 million ($6.4 million) of proceeds from the issuances of securities under the Alpha Purchase Agreement, the Meitav Purchase Agreement, and the Sagy Purchase Agreement, and net of NIS 253,000 ($73,000) of payment made for equipment on financing terms. Cash flow from financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2016 amounted to NIS 18.5 million ($4.8 million) in return for the issuance of our ordinary shares and warrants in an equity raise in Israel.

Cash and Funding Sources

The table below summarizes our sources of funding for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018:

Funding Requirements

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditures into the first quarter of 2020. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could use our capital resources sooner than we currently expect.

Our present and future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including, among other things:

For more information as to the risks associated with our future funding needs, see “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—We will need to raise additional funding, which may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Failure to obtain additional capital when needed may force us to delay, limit, or terminate our product development efforts or other operations.”

See above, under Item 5A – “Operating Results.”

We are in a development stage with regard to different 3D BioInks and are in early stages of commercialization for VergenixFG and VergenixSTR in Europe, and our BioInks for customers that develop technologies for 3D bio-printing of tissues and organs. It is not possible for us to predict with any degree of accuracy the outcome of our research, development, or commercialization efforts. As such, it is not possible for us to predict with any degree of accuracy any known trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events that are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our net sales or revenues, income from continuing operations, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause reported financial information to not necessarily be indicative of future operating results or financial condition. However, to the extent possible, certain trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments and events are in this “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.”

As of December 31, 2018, we do not have any, and during the periods presented, we did not have any, off-balance sheet arrangements.

Our significant contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018 are summarized in the following table.

Our balance sheet liabilities do not include all of the obligations regarding royalties that we are obligated to pay to the IIA based on future sales of our products. As of December 31, 2018, our balance sheet liability in amount of NIS 1.2 million includes the liability for future royalties payable to the IIA where the maximum royalty amount that would be payable by us, before interest, is approximately NIS 31.8 million (assuming 100% of the royalties are payable). This liability is contingent upon sales of our rhCollagen-based products.

The following table sets forth certain information relating to our directors and senior management. Unless otherwise stated, the address for our directors and senior management is at the Company’s registered address c/o 4 Oppenheimer, Weizmann Science Park, P.O. Box 4132, Rehovot 7670104, Israel.

Senior Management

Yehiel Tal has served as our chief executive officer since January 2010. Mr. Tal possesses over 30 years of management experience in the Israeli and American high-tech and biotechnology industries. Prior to joining us, Mr. Tal was the chief executive officer and co-founder of Regentis Biomaterials Ltd. Prior to that Mr. Tal served as vice-president of business development at ProChon BioTech Ltd. He has also served as vice president of marketing and business development at OrthoScan Technologies Ltd. and director of business development and business unit manager at Kulicke and Soffa Industries, Inc. Mr. Tal holds a Bachelor’s and a Master’s degree in mechanical engineering from the Technion, Israel Institute of Technology.

Prof. Oded Shoseyov founded our subsidiary CollPlant Ltd. in 2004, and currently serves as our Chief Scientist since March 2019. Prof. Shoseyov served as our Chief Scientific Officer from August 2008 until March 2019, and a member of our board of directors from May 2010 until October 2016. Prof. Shoseyov is a faculty member of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He has extensive experience with plant transformation systems and protein engineering. Prof. Shoseyov has authored or co-authored over 160 scientific publications and is the inventor or co-inventor of 45 patents. Prof. Shoseyov holds a Ph.D. from The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. Prof. Shoseyov received the Outstanding Scientist Polak Award for 2002, the 1999 and 2010 Kay Awards for Innovative and Applied Research, and The 2012 Israel Prime Minister Citation for Entrepreneurship and Innovation. He is the scientific founder of nine companies, including: SP-Nano Ltd., a nano-biotech company which manufactures SP1-Carbon Nano Tube coated fabrics for the composite industry; CBD-Technologies/FuturaGene, a forestry agro-biotech company that develops and commercializes transgenic trees for the pulp and paper and the bio-fuel industry; Melodea Ltd., a nano-biotech company that develops and manufactures Nano Crystaline Cellulose from sludge for structural foam additives for the paint, printing and packaging industries; and Valentis Nanotech Ltd., a nanotechnology company that develops and manufactures nano-bio-based transparent films for food packaging and agriculture.

Eran Rotem has served as our chief financial officer since January 2012 and, since November 2017, also as our deputy CEO. Mr. Rotem possesses more than 23 years of broad financial and operational experience, primarily with biotechnology and industrial companies. Prior to joining us, Mr. Rotem served as the chief financial officer of Tefron Ltd., an industrial global company traded on both the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE:TFRN) and on the OTCBB (OTC:TFRFF) in the United States. Before Tefron, Mr. Rotem served as chief financial officer of Healthcare Technologies, Ltd. (NASDAQ:HCTL) and Gamida Ltd., a group of companies that specialize in the development, manufacturing, and marketing of clinical diagnostic test kits, as well as medical equipment and services to the biotechnology and high-tech industries. Prior to joining Healthcare Technologies, Ltd., Mr. Rotem served as a senior manager at Ernst & Young. Mr. Rotem holds a Bachelor’s degree in Accounting and Business Administration from the Tel Aviv College of Management and is a Certified Public Accountant in Israel.

Dr. Ilana Belzer has served as our chief operating officer since October 2015. Prior to joining us, Dr. Belzer served as the chief operating officer of BioHarvest, an innovative biotechnology company, from October 2012 to September 2015, and prior to that as vice president of research and development and operations at Procognia Ltd. Prior to that, Dr. Belzer held executive positions in Omrix Biopharmaceuticals Inc., now part of the Johnson & Johnson family of companies, and InterPharm Laboratories Ltd., now a subsidiary of Merck-Serono. Dr. Belzer holds an M.Sc., a B.Sc. and a Ph.D. in Microbiology and Cell Biology from Tel Aviv University, Israel.

Dr. Nadav Orr has served as our vice president of research and development since September 2014. Dr. Orr has over 16 years of experience in research and development, including 12 years in the development of biosurgery products. Prior joining us, Dr. Orr served as the associate director of research and development at Omrix Biopharmaceuticals Ltd., a subsidiary of Ethicon US LLC, part of the Johnson & Johnson family of companies. As part of his role at Omrix, Dr. Orr led an international team in the development of hemostatic combination products and led base business support for production processes and products. Dr. Orr holds a Ph.D. from the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel.

Dr. Philippe Bensimon has served as our vice president of quality assurance and clinical affairs since February 2011. Dr. Bensimon has 26 years of experience in regulatory affairs, quality assurance and clinical affairs in international medical device companies. Prior to joining us Dr. Bensimon served for 14 years at InterVascular Datascope (now Maquet-Getinge Group), a manufacturer of long-term cardiovascular implants, as director of regulatory affairs, quality assurance, and clinical affairs. Dr. Bensimon also served for five years at 3M Medical as manager of regulatory affairs. Dr. Bensimon holds a PharmD degree from the University of Pharmacy, Marseille, France.

Non-Employee Directors

Jonathan M.N. Rigby has served on our board of directors as chairman since February 2019. Mr. Rigby has served as the President, CEO and a member of the Board of Directors of SteadyMed Ltd, a specialty pharmaceutical company focused on Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, since August 2011. In 2015, Mr. Rigby led the listing of SteadyMed on Nasdaq; STDY. In August 2018, Mr. Rigby led and closed the sale of SteadyMed to United Therapeutics Corporation (Nasdaq; UTHR). Mr. Rigby currently serves as the President & CEO of SteadyMed, a United Therapeutics Corporation. Mr. Rigby joined the Board of Directors of Xeris Pharmaceuticals in March 2016 and was instrumental in the growth of the company leading to its IPO on Nasdaq (XERS) in June 2018. Mr. Rigby currently serves on the Board of Directors of Xeris Pharmaceuticals and is a member of the Audit Committee and the Chair of the Nominating and Governance Committee. In 2006, Mr. Rigby cofounded Zogenix, Inc., a specialty pharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of CNS and pain products, where he served as the company’s Vice President of Business Development until December 2010. As a member of the senior management team he played an important role in the Nasdaq listing of Zogenix (Nasdaq; ZGNX) in 2010. Between 2002 and 2006, Mr. Rigby held positions of increasing responsibility at Aradigm Corporation, including Vice President of Business Development where he was involved in M&A activities as well as inhalation delivery technology licensing in various therapeutic fields including Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, or PAH. Between 1995 and 2002, Mr. Rigby held various commercial and business development positions at Profile Therapeutics, UK, where he played a key role in the licensing of inhalation technology that resulted in the approval and launch of an inhalation product to treat PAH. Between 1990 and 1995, he held various sales and marketing positions at large pharmaceutical companies including Merck Sharpe and Dohme, or MSD, and Bristol Myers Squibb, or BMS. Mr. Rigby has a Bachelor of Science Degree, with Honors, in Biological Sciences from Sheffield University, UK, and an MBA from Portsmouth University, UK.

Adi Goldin has served on our board of directors since May 2010, and from May 2016 to January 2018, acted as our chairman. Mr. Goldin has over 15 years of experience in the life science, industrial, and technology industries in the areas of investments, business strategy, deal structure, and company management. For the last 13 years, Mr. Goldin has served as a vice president at Docor International BV and has played a key role in investing, managing, and nurturing technology-driven companies and startups in the information technology, industrial, and life science industries. Mr. Goldin also serves on the board of several portfolio companies of Docor. Until 2010, Mr. Goldin was the chief executive officer of Softlib Ltd., an information technology company. Previously, Mr. Goldin was VP of investments and analysis at Inventech Investment Company Ltd. (TASE: IVTC), where he took an active role in building startup companies and was involved in public offerings, M&A, and various aspects of the capital markets. In addition, Mr. Goldin was part of the teaching staff of the Executive MBA program run by Tel Aviv University. Mr. Goldin participated in the International Marketing and Global Consulting Program, a joint project of the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton Business School and Tel Aviv University’s Business School. Mr. Goldin is a member of the Israel Bar Association. Mr. Goldin holds Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees in economics, summa cum laude, and an LL.B. in law from Tel Aviv University, Israel.

Dr. Abraham Havron has served on our board of directors since May 2016. Dr. Havron is a 38-year veteran of the biotechnology industry. Between 2011 and 2018, Dr. Havron served as a director at Kamada (NASDAQ: KMDA) where he was initially elected as an external director (within the meaning of the Companies Law) and served in such capacity until January 30, 2017, since which time he has served as an ordinary (non-external) director. From 2005 to 2013, Dr. Havron has served as the Chief Executive Officer and a director of PROLOR Biotech Ltd., which in 2013 merged with OPKO Health Inc. Dr. Havron was a member of the founding team and Director of Research and Development of Interpharm Laboratories Ltd. (a subsidiary of Merck Serono S.A.) from 1980 to 1987. Dr. Havron served as Vice-President of Manufacturing and Process-Development of BioTechnology General Ltd., based in Rehovot, Israel (now, a subsidiary of Ferring Pharmaceuticals) from 1987 to 1999, and Vice President and Chief Technology Officer of Clal Biotechnology Industries Ltd. from 1999 to 2003. Since 2014, Dr. Havron has also served on the board of directors of MediWound Ltd. (NASDAQ: MDWD) until June 2017 and Enlivex Theraputics Ltd., a private company. Dr. Havron earned his PhD in Bio-Organic Chemistry from the Weizmann Institute of Science and served as a Research Fellow at the Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiology.

Dr. Gili Hart has served on our board of directors since July 2017. Dr. Hart served as the Chief Executive Officer of OPKO Biologics from 2014 and until 2017. From 2011 to 2014, Dr. Hart served as Vice President of Prolor Biotech Ltd. Dr. Hart serves as a director in Enlivex Therapeutics, and Dr. Hart holds a B.Sc degree in Biological engineering and an M.Sc degree from the Weizmann Institute of Science as well as a Ph.D. from the Weizmann Institute of Science.

Scott R. Burell has served on our board of directors since October 2017. Since August 2018, Mr. Burell serves as the Chief Financial Officer of AIVITA Biomedical Systems, Inc., a private biopharmaceutical company. From November 2006 until November 2017, Mr. Burell served as Chief Financial Officer, Secretary and Treasurer of CombiMatrix Corporation (NASDAQ: CBMX). Prior to this, Mr. Burell had served as CombiMatrix’s Vice President of Finance since November 2001 and as its Controller from February 2001 to November 2001. From May 1999 to first joining CombiMatrix in February 2001, Mr. Burell was the Controller for Network Commerce, Inc., a publicly traded technology and information infrastructure company located in Seattle. Prior to this, Mr. Burell spent nine years with Arthur Andersen’s Audit and Business Advisory practice in Seattle. During his tenure in public accounting, Mr. Burell worked with many clients, both public and private, in the high-tech and healthcare markets, and was involved in numerous public offerings, spin-offs, mergers and acquisitions. Mr. Burell is also a member of the Board of Directors of Microbot Medical (NASDAQ: MBOT), an Israeli-based medical device company specializing in the researching, designing, developing and commercializing of transformational micro-robotics medical technologies, and of MER Telemanagement Solutions Ltd., an Israeli-based telecommunications services company. Mr. Burell obtained his Washington state CPA license in 1992 and is a certified public accountant (currently inactive). He holds Bachelor of Science degrees in Accounting and Business Finance from Central Washington University.

Dr. Elan Penn has served on our board of directors since January 2018. Dr. Penn has served as chief executive officer and chairman of Penn Publishing Ltd., a private company based in Tel Aviv, Israel, since 2001. From 2000 to 2001, Dr. Penn served as vice president of finance and administration of A.I. Research and Development Ltd. Dr. Penn served as chief executive officer of Sivan Computer Training Company Ltd. during the years 1998 through 2000. From 1992 to 2000, Dr. Penn served as vice president of finance and administration of Mashov Computers Ltd. From 1987 to 1991 and again from 1992 to 1997, Dr. Penn served as vice president of finance and administration of Magic Software Enterprises Ltd. (NASDAQ: MGIC) and, from 2005 to 2014, served as an external director of Magic Software. Dr. Penn previously served as a director of Telkoor Power Supplies Ltd. (TASE: TLCR) and Nexgen Biofuels Ltd. (formerly Healthcare Technologies Ltd) (OTC: NXGN). Dr. Penn holds a B.A. degree in Economics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a Ph.D. in Management Science from the University of London.

Dr. Wolfgang Ruttenstorfer has served on the Board of Directors since July 2018. Beginning in 1976, Dr. Ruttenstorfer spent a total of approximately 30 years in various capacities with OMV AG, an integrated oil and gas company headquartered in Vienna, Austria, culminating in his position as chairman of the executive board from 2002 through mid-2011. From 1997 through 1999, Dr. Ruttenstorfer stepped away from OMV to serve as Deputy Finance Minister of Austria. Since 2012, Dr. Ruttenstorfer has been a board member of NIS a.d. Novi Sad, one of the largest, vertically integrated energy companies in southeast Europe, as well as a member of the supervisory board of RHI AG, a leading global supplier of high-grade refractory products, systems and services. Since 2011, he has also served as a member of the supervisory board of Flughafen Wien, AG, the Vienna International Airport. From 2007 through 2011, Dr. Ruttenstorfer lent his expertise to Roche Holding AG, as a member of the board of directors. During the period from 2009 to early 2018, Dr. Ruttenstorfer also served at various times on a number of other supervisory boards, including that of CA Immobilien AG, Telekom Austria AG, and Vienna Insurance Group AG. Dr. Ruttenstorfer received his doctorate from the University of Vienna in Economics and Business.

Adi Goldin and Dr. Havron are also board members of CollPlant Ltd., our wholly owned subsidiary.

Advisory Boards

We have established a scientific advisory board and a clinical advisory board. The members of our advisory boards are appointed by our chief executive officer after consultation with our board of directors. Once nominated, the members of our advisory boards sign a standard letter of engagement. Most of the members of our advisory boards are not appointed for a specific term and their position may be terminated by either us or the member of the advisory board according to standard notice periods. The members of our advisory boards are all paid either daily or hourly fees for their services and are entitled to the reimbursement of their expenses. Furthermore, several of the members of our advisory boards have been granted options due to their strategic role and years of service. The members of our advisory boards are as follows:

Scientific Advisory Board

Prof. Avraham Hershko

Prof. Shay Soker

Prof. Vicki Rosen

Prof. Abhay Pandit

Prof. Ofer Levy, MD, MCh (Orth)

Joseph M. Lane, MD

Clinical Advisory Board

Joseph M. Lane, MD

Scott Rodeo, MD

Thomas Serena, MD

Gabi Agar, MD

Prof. Ofer Levy, MD, MCh (Orth)

Compensation of Senior Management and Directors

The following table presents in the aggregate all compensation we paid to all of our senior management and directors as a group for the year ended December 31, 2018. The table does not include any amounts we paid to reimburse any of such persons for costs incurred in providing us with services during this period.

In accordance with the Companies Law, the following table presents information regarding compensation of our five most highly paid office holders, namely our Chief Executive Officer, deputy CEO and Chief Financial Officer, Vice President Regulatory Affairs and Quality Assurance, Vice President Research and Development and during the year ended December 31, 2018.

Compensation of Directors

Under the Companies Law and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, external directors are generally entitled to fixed annual compensation and an additional payment for each meeting attended. We currently pay our directors an annual fee of NIS 29,000 and a per meeting fee of NIS 1,800.

During 2018, we granted Dr. Elan Penn, Dr. Gili Hart, Dr. Abraham Havron and Scott Burell 500,000 options to purchase 500,000 ordinary shares each and, to Adi Goldin 650,000 options to purchase 650,000 ordinary shares, each at an exercise price per option of NIS 0.58 ($0.15). The options vest subject to a vesting period of four years, with a quarter of the options vesting on the first anniversary of the grant date, and the remaining options vesting in equal parts at the end of every quarter thereafter

In January 2019, we granted, subject to shareholders approval, Dr. Elan Penn, Dr. Gili Hart, Dr. Abraham Havron, Scott Burell and Adi Goldin 250,000 options to purchase 250,000 ordinary shares each and, to Dr. Wolfgang Ruttenstorfer 750,000 options to purchase 750,000 ordinary shares each, and to Jonathan M.N. Rigby 12,319,500 options to purchase 12,319,500 ordinary shares, each at an exercise price per option of $0.101. The options vest subject to a vesting period of four years, with a quarter of the options vesting on the first anniversary of the grant date, and the remaining options vesting in equal parts at the end of every quarter thereafter.

Employment and Services Agreements with Senior Management

Yehiel Tal

Mr. Tal has been our chief executive officer since January 2010. Mr. Tal’s current gross monthly salary is NIS 65,000. In addition, Mr. Tal is entitled to social benefits, such as paid annual vacation days, severance pay, annual recreation allowance, manager’s insurance, sick leave, education fund and expenses reimbursement. In addition, we provide Mr. Tal with company’s car and a mobile phone. Mr. Tal’s employment agreement is terminable by either us or Mr. Tal upon 90 days’ prior written notice other than in the case of a termination for cause. Mr. Tal’s employment agreement contains a non-compete obligation for a period of 12 months following termination of his employment, customary provisions regarding confidentiality of information and assignment of inventions. The agreement does not provide for benefits upon the termination of employment, other than payment of salary and benefits during the required notice period. Mr. Tal’s agreement also provides for annual bonus payments based upon criteria determined by the board of directors, as well as special bonuses which may be payable upon the achievement of specified milestones, such as the execution of an income-generating commercial agreement or consummation of an initial public offering (subject to the satisfaction of certain conditions). Mr. Tal’s bonus for the year 2018 was based on Mr. Tal’s achievement of objectives which includes business development and positioning of 3D BioInk as the Company’s growth engine, and for his significant contribution to the Company’s engagement with United Therapeutics Corporation in United License Agreement for 3D bio-printing of solid-organ scaffolds for human transplants. As of March 15, 2019, Mr. Tal held 1,505,875 ordinary shares and 9,573,041 options to purchase 5,691,014 ordinary shares at a weighted average exercise price of NIS 0.99, of which 6,406,166 options are fully vested and 354,375 options will vest by May 19, 2019, and 2,812,500 options will vest over a period of three years from January 14, 2019, in equal parts at the end of every quarter thereafter. In addition, the board of directors approved a grant to Mr. Tal of 2,700,000 options to purchase 2,700,000 ordinary shares, subject to shareholders approval, which will vest over a period of four years with a quarter of the options vesting on January 30, 2020, and the remaining options vesting in equal parts at the end of every quarter thereafter.

Eran Rotem

Mr. Rotem has served as our chief financial officer since January 2012 and since November 2017, also as our deputy chief executive officer. Mr. Rotem’s current gross monthly salary is NIS 54,000. In addition, Mr. Rotem is entitled to social benefits, such as paid annual vacation days, severance pay, annual recreation allowance, manager’s insurance, sick leave, education fund and expenses reimbursement. In addition, we provide Mr. Rotem with a leased company car and a mobile phone. Mr. Rotem’s employment agreement is terminable by either us or Mr. Rotem upon 90 days’ prior written notice. Mr. Rotem’s employment agreement contains a non-compete obligation for a period of 12 months following termination of his employment and customary provisions regarding confidentiality of information and assignment of inventions. Mr. Rotem’s employment agreement also provides for a grant of options to purchase up to 150,000 ordinary shares under the 2010 Plan, which will vest subject to certain conditions. The agreement does not provide for benefits upon the termination of employment, other than payment of salary and benefits during the required notice period. Mr. Rotem’s agreement also provides for annual bonus equal to up to two months’ salary based upon successful achievement of objectives determined by our chief executive officer and, in accordance with our compensation policy, within three months from the beginning of each calendar year and approval of our board of directors. Mr. Rotem’s bonus for the year 2018 was based on Mr. Rotem’s achievement of objectives, which includes planning and execution of 2018 fundraising rounds and his role in the United License Agreement. As of March 15, 2019, Mr. Rotem held 7,826,607 options to purchase 5,442,202 ordinary shares at a weighted average exercise price of NIS 0.77, of which 3,951,607 options are fully vested, and 187,500 options will vest by May 19, 2019, and 1,687,500 options will vest over a period of three years from December 27, 2018, in equal parts at the end of every quarter thereafter and 2,000,000 options will vest over a period of four years, with a quarter of the options vesting on January 30, 2020, and the remaining options vesting in equal parts at the end of every quarter thereafter.

Prof. Oded Shoseyov

Prof. Shoseyov founded our subsidiary CollPlant Ltd. in 2004, and currently serves as our Chief Scientist since March 2019. Prof. Shoseyov served as our Chief Scientific Officer between August 2008 and March 2019. We entered into written consulting and option agreements with Prof. Shoseyov, and he is currently paid a monthly service fee of NIS 32,000, including VAT. Prof. Shoseyov’s consulting agreement creates an independent contractor relationship between us and therefore does not provide for severance or other employment related benefits. Prof. Shoseyov’s agreement is terminable by either us or Prof. Shoseyov upon 90 days’ prior written notice other than in the case of a termination for cause. Under the provisions of the services agreement we have complete ownership in any invention which is derived from our operations and businesses as well as first rights (for the development and commercialization) in any invention that is not our invention and that may be a result of Prof. Shoseyov’s activity in the course of providing the services with the exceptions of specific inventions defined in the agreement. The services agreement sets a non-compete obligation for a period of two years following the later of the termination of the services agreement, disposal of all of our securities held by Prof. Shoseyov, the termination of Prof. Shoseyov’s membership in our board of directors or termination of any other of Prof. Shoseyov’s engagement with us, and further provisions regarding confidentiality. As of March 15, 2019, Prof. Shoseyov held 2,737,573 ordinary shares and 14,367,904 options to purchase 6,122,635 ordinary shares at a weighted average exercise price of NIS 1.4, of which 10,117,904 options are fully vested and 2,500,000 options will vest over a period of five years from September 22, 2016, in equal parts at the end of every quarter thereafter and 750,000 options will vest over a period of three years from December 27, 2018 in equal parts at the end of every quarter thereafter and 1,000,000 options will vest over a period of four years, with a quarter of the options vesting on January 30, 2020, and the remaining options vesting in equal parts at the end of every quarter thereafter.

Dr. Philippe Bensimon

Dr. Bensimon has served as our vice president of regulatory affairs quality assurance and clinical affairs since February 2011. Dr. Bensimon is entitled to a monthly gross salary of NIS 44,000, and to social benefits, such as paid annual vacation days, severance pay, annual recreation allowance, manager’s insurance, sick leave, education fund and expenses reimbursement. In addition, we provide Dr. Bensimon with a leased company car and a mobile phone. Dr. Bensimon’s employment agreement is terminable by either us or Dr. Bensimon upon 60 days’ prior written notice other than in the case of a termination for cause. Dr. Bensimon’s employment agreement contains a non-compete obligation for a period of 12 months following termination of his employment and customary provisions regarding confidentiality of information and assignment of inventions. Dr. Bensimon’s employment agreement also provides for a grant of options to purchase up to 66,667 ordinary shares under the 2010 Plan, which will vest subject to certain conditions. The agreement does not provide for benefits upon the termination of employment, other than payment of salary and benefits during the required notice period. Dr. Bensimon’s agreement also provides for annual bonus payments based upon successful achievement of objectives determined each year by our chief executive officer and in accordance with our compensation policy and approval of our board of directors. Dr. Bensimon’s bonus for the year 2018 was based on Dr. Bensimon’s achievement of objectives which includes product regulation process, and planning and execution of the post marketing surveillance studies in Europe, with regards to the Company’s products. As of March 15, 2019, Dr. Bensimon held 3,400,000 options to purchase 2,166,667 ordinary shares at a weighted exercise price of NIS 0.9, of which 1,953,125 options are fully vested, and 84,375 options will vest by May 19, 2019, and 562,500 options will vest over a period of three years from December 27, 2018, in equal parts at the end of every quarter thereafter and 800,000 options will vest over a period of four years, with a quarter of the options vesting on January 30, 2020, and the remaining options vesting in equal parts at the end of every quarter thereafter.

Dr. Ilana Belzer

Dr. Belzer has served as our chief operating officer since October 2015. Dr. Belzer is entitled to a monthly gross salary of NIS 43,000, and to social benefits, such as paid annual vacation days, severance pay, annual recreation allowance, manager’s insurance, sick leave, education fund and expenses reimbursement. In addition, we provide Dr. Belzer with a leased company car and a mobile phone. Dr. Belzer’s employment agreement is terminable by either us or Dr. Belzer upon 60 days’ prior written notice. Dr. Belzer’s employment agreement contains a non-compete obligation for a period of six months following termination of her employment and customary provisions regarding confidentiality of information and assignment of inventions. The agreement does not provide for benefits upon the termination of employment, other than payment of salary and benefits during the required notice period. Dr. Belzer’s agreement also provides for an annual bonus, payable within three months from the beginning of each calendar year, equal to up to two months’ salary based upon the successful achievement of objectives determined by our chief executive officer and in accordance with our compensation policy, subject to approval of our board of directors. As of March 15, 2019, Dr. Belzer held 2,550,000 options to purchase 2,083,333 ordinary shares at a weighted exercise price of NIS 0.61, of which 800,000 options are fully vested and 87,500 options will vest by August 31, 2019, and 562,500 options will vest over a period of three years from December 27, 2018, in equal parts at the end of every quarter thereafter and 1,100,000 options will vest over a period of four years, with a quarter of the options vesting on January 30, 2020, and the remaining options vesting in equal parts at the end of every quarter thereafter.

Dr. Nadav Orr

Dr. Orr has served as our vice president of research and development since September 2014. Dr. Orr is entitled to a monthly gross salary of NIS 40,000, and to social benefits, such as paid annual vacation days, severance pay, annual recreation allowance, manager’s insurance, sick leave, education fund and expenses reimbursement. In addition, we provide Dr. Orr with a leased company car and a mobile phone. Dr. Orr’s employment agreement is terminable by either us or Dr. Orr upon 90 days’ prior written notice. Dr. Orr’s employment agreement contains a non-compete obligation for a period of six months following termination of his employment and customary provisions regarding confidentiality of information and assignment of inventions. Dr. Orr’s employment agreement also provides for a grant of options to purchase up to 133,333 ordinary shares under the 2010 Plan, which will vest subject to certain conditions. The agreement does not provide for benefits upon the termination of employment, other than payment of salary and benefits during the required notice period. Dr. Orr’s agreement also provides for annual bonus equal to up to two months’ salary based upon successful achievement of objectives determined by our chief executive officer and in accordance with our compensation policy, within three months from the beginning of each calendar year and approval of our board of directors. As of March 15, 2019, Dr. Orr held 3,250,000 options to purchase 2,316,667 ordinary shares at a weighted average exercise price of NIS 0.67, of which 1,525,000 options are fully vested, 62,500 options will vest by May 19, 2019, and 562,500 options will vest over a period of the next three years from December 27, 2019, in equal parts at the end of every quarter thereafter and 1,100,000 options will vest over a period of four years, with a quarter of the options vesting on January 30, 2020, and the remaining options vesting in equal parts at the end of every quarter thereafter.

Board of Directors

Under the Companies Law, the overseeing of the management of our business is vested in our board of directors. Our board of directors may exercise all powers and may take all actions that are not specifically granted to our shareholders or to management. Our officers are responsible for our day-to-day management and have individual responsibilities established by our board of directors and specified in their specific employment agreements. Our chief executive officer is appointed by, and serves at the discretion of, our board of directors, subject to the employment agreement that we have entered into with him. All other officers are appointed by our chief executive officer with the prior review of our board of directors and compensation committee, and are subject to the terms of any applicable employment agreements that we may enter into with them.

Under our articles of association, our board of directors must consist of at least three and not more than twelve directors, including at least two external directors. Our board of directors has decided to adopt an exemption that provides relief for Israeli companies whose shares are listed on certain stock exchanges outside of Israel (including the Nasdaq Capital Market) with no controlling shareholder, such as ourselves, from being required to appoint external directors so long as such companies satisfy the requirements of the foreign laws in the listing jurisdiction outside of Israel which apply to companies incorporated in such jurisdiction, in respect of the appointment of independent directors and the composition of the audit committee and compensation committee. An amendment to our articles of association that reflects such exemption is subject to shareholders approval, which is pending. Currently our board of directors consists of seven directors, including two external directors. Other than external directors, for whom special election requirements apply under the Companies Law, as detailed below, our articles of association provide that directors (other than external directors) are elected annually at the general meeting of our shareholders by a vote of the holders of a majority of the voting power present and voting, in person or by proxy, at that meeting.

We have three types of directors: independent directors, external directors (who are also independent in nature), and “regular” directors. For purposes of complying with the Nasdaq Listing Rules to list the Company’s ADSs on the Nasdaq Capital Market, our board of directors will be comprised of six independent directors (of which two are external directors).

Our board of directors has determined that with the exception of Adi Goldin, all of our directors are independent under such rules. The definition of “independent director” under the Nasdaq Listing Rules and “external director” under the Companies Law overlap to a significant degree such that we would generally expect the two directors serving as external directors to satisfy the requirements to be independent under the Nasdaq Listing Rules. The definition of external director under the Companies Law includes a set of statutory criteria that must be satisfied, including criteria whose aim is to ensure that there is no factor that would impair the ability of the external director to exercise independent judgment. The definition of independent director under Nasdaq Listing Rules specifies similar, if slightly less stringent, requirements in addition to the requirement that the board of directors consider any factor which would impair the ability of the independent director to exercise independent judgment. See “—External Directors” below for a description of the requirements under the Companies Law for a director to serve as an external director.

Under the Companies Law any shareholder holding at least 1% of our outstanding voting power may propose to nominate one or more persons for election as directors at a general meeting by delivering a written notice of such shareholder’s intent to make such nomination or nominations to our registered office. Each such notice must set forth all of the details and information as required to be provided by our amended and restated articles of association and regulations promulgated under the Companies law.

In addition, our articles of association allow our board of directors to appoint additional director or directors who shall remain in office until the next annual shareholders’ meeting, provided that the board of directors must consist of no more than 12 directors. In addition, our articles of association allow our board of directors to appoint alternate directors to fill vacancies on our board of directors, for a term of office equal to the remaining period of the term of office of the director(s) whose office(s) have been vacated.

Under the Companies Law, our board of directors must determine the minimum number of directors who are required to have accounting and financial expertise. See “—External Directors” below. In determining the number of directors required to have such expertise, our board of directors must consider, among other things, the type and size of the company and the scope and complexity of its operations. Our board of directors has determined that the minimum number of directors who are required to have accounting and financial expertise is one.

External Directors

Under the Companies Law, a public company is required to have at least two directors who qualify as external directors. Regulations promulgated under the Companies Law further provide relief for Israeli companies whose shares are listed on certain stock exchanges outside of Israel (including The Nasdaq Capital Market) with no controlling shareholder, such as ourselves, exempting such companies from being required to appoint external directors so long as such companies satisfy the requirements of the foreign laws in the listing jurisdiction outside of Israel which apply to companies incorporated in such jurisdiction, in respect of the appointment of independent directors and the composition of the audit committee and compensation committee. We presently have two external directors on our board of directors, but our board of directors has decided to adopt such exemption available to such dual-listed and foreign listed companies with no controlling shareholder. An amendment to our articles of association that reflects such exemption is subject to shareholders approval, which is pending. The appointment of our external directors was made by a resolution of the general meeting of our shareholders, and our external directors are Dr. Gili Hart and Dr. Elan Penn.

The Companies Law provides that external directors must be elected by a majority vote of the shares present and voting at a shareholders’ meeting, provided that either:

Under the Companies Law, the term “controlling shareholder” means a shareholder with the ability to direct the activities of the company, other than by virtue of serving as an office holder. A shareholder is presumed to be a controlling shareholder if the shareholder holds 50% or more of the voting rights in a company or has the right to appoint more than half of the directors of the company or its general manager. For the purpose of approving transactions with controlling shareholders, a controlling shareholder is deemed to include any shareholder that holds 25% or more of the voting rights in a public company if no other shareholder holds more than 50% of the voting rights in the company. For purposes of determining the holding percentage stated above, two or more shareholders who have a personal interest in a transaction that is brought for the company’s approval are deemed as joint holders.

Under the Companies Law, the initial term of an external director is three years. Thereafter, an external director may be reelected to serve in that capacity for no more than two additional three-year terms, provided that either (i) his or her service for each such additional term is recommended by one or more shareholders holding at least 1% of the company’s voting rights and is approved at a shareholders’ meeting by a disinterested majority, where the total number of shares held by non-controlling, disinterested shareholders voting for such reelection exceeds 2% of the aggregate voting rights in the company, provided that the nominating shareholder, the external director, and certain of their related parties meet additional independence requirements; (ii) his or her service for each such additional term is recommended by the board of directors and is approved at a shareholders’ meeting by the same majority required for the initial election of an external director (as described above); or (iii) the external director has recommended that he or she be nominated for each such additional term and such nomination is approved at a shareholders’ meeting by the same majority and under the same criteria required as if he had been recommended by a shareholder.

The term of office for external directors for companies traded on certain foreign stock exchanges, including the Nasdaq Capital Market, may be further extended, in increments of additional three-year terms, provided that, in addition to reelection in such manner described above, (i) the audit committee and subsequently the board of directors of the company confirm that, in light of the external director’s expertise and special contribution to the work of the board of directors and its committees, the reelection for such additional period is beneficial to the company, and provided that (ii) the external director is reelected subject to the same shareholder vote requirements as if elected for the first time (as described above). Prior to the approval of the reelection of the external director at a general shareholders’ meeting, the company’s shareholders must be informed of the term previously served by him or her and of the reasons why the board of directors and audit committee recommended the extension of his or her term.

External directors may be removed from office by an extraordinary general meeting of shareholders called by the board of directors, which approves such dismissal by the same shareholder vote percentage required for their election or by a court, in each case only under limited circumstances, including ceasing to meet the statutory qualifications for appointment or violating their duty of loyalty to the company. If an external directorship becomes vacant and there are fewer than two external directors on the board of directors at the time, then the board of directors is required under the Companies Law to call a shareholders’ meeting as soon as possible to appoint a replacement external director.

Each committee of the board of directors that exercises the powers of the board of directors must include at least one external director. The audit committee and the compensation committee must include all external directors then serving on the board of directors and should be comprised of a majority of independent directors, the external directors must be the majority of the members of the compensation committee, and the audit and compensation committee’s chairman must be an external director. See “—Committees of the Board of Directors” below. Under the Companies Law, external directors of a company and all members of the compensation committee are prohibited from receiving, directly or indirectly, any compensation for their services, other than for their services as external directors pursuant to the Companies Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder. Compensation of an external director is determined prior to his or her appointment and may not be changed during his or her term subject to certain exceptions. Under the regulations pursuant to the Companies Law, certain exemptions and reliefs are granted to companies which securities are traded outside of Israel. We may use those exemptions and reliefs in the future.

The Companies Law provides that a person is not qualified to serve as an external director if (i) the person is a relative of a controlling shareholder of the company or (ii) if that person or his or her relative, partner, employer, another person to whom he or she was directly or indirectly subject, or any entity under the person’s control, has or had, during the two years preceding the date of appointment as an external director: (a) any affiliation or other disqualifying relationship with the company, with any person or entity controlling the company or a relative of such person, or with any entity controlled by or under common control with the company; or (b) in the case of a company with no shareholder holding 25% or more of its voting rights, had, at the date of appointment as external director, any affiliation or other disqualifying relationship with a person then serving as chairman of the board or chief executive officer, a holder of 5% or more of the issued share capital or voting power in the company, or the most senior financial officer.

The term “relative” is defined under the Companies Law as a spouse, sibling, parent, grandparent, or descendant; spouse’s sibling, parent, or descendant; and the spouse of each of the foregoing persons. Under the Companies Law, the term “affiliation” and the similar types of prohibited relationships include (subject to certain exceptions):

The term office holder is defined under the Companies Law as the general manager, chief executive officer, chief business manager, deputy general manager, vice general manager, any other person assuming the responsibilities of any of these positions regardless of that person’s title, and a director, or a manager directly subordinate to the general manager.

In general, the external directors must be of Israeli residency (unless the company on which he or she serves had offered shares (or bonds) to the public outside of Israel or are registered on a stock exchange outside of Israel) and must possess the minimal criteria required for the directorship of a “regular” director. In addition, no person may serve as an external director if that person’s position or professional or other activities create, or may create, a conflict of interest with that person’s responsibilities as a director or otherwise interfere with that person’s ability to serve as an external director or if the person is an employee of the ISA or of an Israeli stock exchange. A person may furthermore not continue to serve as an external director if he or she received direct or indirect compensation from the company including amounts paid pursuant to indemnification or exculpation contracts or commitments and insurance coverage for his or her service as an external director, other than as permitted by the Companies Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder.

For a period of two years from the date that an external director of a company ceases to act in such capacity, the company in which such external director served, and its controlling shareholder or any entity under control of such controlling shareholder may not, directly or indirectly, grant such former external director or his or her spouse or child, any benefit, including via (i) the appointment of such former director or his or her spouse or his child as an officer in the company or in an entity controlled by the company’s controlling shareholder, (ii) the employment of such former external director and (iii) the engagement, directly or indirectly, of such former external director as a provider of professional services for compensation, including via an entity under his or her control. With respect to a relative who is not a spouse or a child, such limitations shall only apply for one year from the date such external director ceased to be engaged in such capacity.

If, at the time at which an external director is appointed, all members of the board of directors, who are not controlling shareholders or relatives of controlling shareholders of the company, are of the same gender, the external director to be appointed must be of the other gender. A director of one company may not be appointed as an external director of another company if a director of the other company is acting as an external director of the first company at such time.

According to the Companies Law, a person may be appointed as an external director only if he or she has professional qualifications or if he or she has accounting and financial expertise (each, as defined below). In addition, at least one of the external directors must be determined by our board of directors to have accounting and financial expertise.

According to regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, a director with accounting and financial expertise is a director who, due to his or her education, experience, and skills, possesses an expertise in, and an understanding of, financial and accounting matters and financial statements, such that he or she is able to understand the financial statements of the company and initiate a discussion about the presentation of financial data. A director is deemed to have professional qualifications if he or she has: (i) an academic degree in economics, business management, accounting, law, or public administration; (ii) an academic degree, or has completed other higher education, in the primary field of business of the company or a field which is relevant to his or her position in the company; or (iii) at least five years of experience serving in one of the following capacities, or at least five years cumulative experience serving in two or more of the following capacities: (a) a senior business management position in a company with a significant volume of business; (b) a senior position in a company’s primary field of business; or (c) a senior position in public administration or service. The board of directors is charged with determining whether a director possesses financial and accounting expertise or professional qualifications.

Role of Board of Directors in Risk Oversight Process

Risk assessment and oversight are an integral part of our governance and management processes. Our board of directors encourages management to promote a culture that incorporates risk management into our corporate strategy and day-to-day business operations. Management discusses strategic and operational risks at regular management meetings and conducts specific strategic planning and review sessions during the year that include a focused discussion and analysis of the risks facing us. Throughout the year, senior management reviews these risks with the board of directors at regular board meetings as part of management presentations that focus on particular business functions, operations or strategies, and presents the steps taken by management to mitigate or eliminate such risks.

Leadership Structure of the Board of Directors

In accordance with the Companies Law and our articles of association, our board of directors is required to appoint one of its members to serve as chairman of the board of directors. Our board of directors has appointed Jonathan M.N. Rigby to serve as chairman of the board of directors.

Committees of the Board of Directors

Currently, our board of directors has four permanent committees: an audit committee, a compensation committee, financial statements committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee. The first two committees are mandatory and regulated under the Companies Law provisions. A nominating and corporate governance committee has been constituted.

Audit Committee

Under the Companies Law, we are required to appoint an audit committee. The audit committee of a public company must be comprised of at least three directors, including all of the external directors, one of whom must serve as chairman of the committee. The audit committee may not include the chairman of the board, any director employed by or otherwise providing services on a regular basis to the company, to a controlling shareholder, or to any entity controlled by a controlling shareholder, any director who derives most of his or her income from a controlling shareholder, nor a controlling shareholder or a relative thereof.

In addition, under the Companies Law, the audit committee of a publicly traded company must consist of a majority of independent directors. In general, an “independent director” under the Companies Law is defined as either an external director or as a director who meets the following criteria:

Under the Nasdaq Listing Rules, we are required to maintain an audit committee consisting of at least three independent directors, all of whom are financially literate and at least one of whom has accounting or related financial management expertise.

Recent amendments to regulations promulgated under the Companies Law exempt Israeli companies whose shares are listed on certain stock exchanges outside of Israel (including The Nasdaq Capital Market) with no controlling shareholder, such as ourselves, from certain Companies Law provisions with respect to the composition of the audit committee and the quorum and majority requirements at its meetings, so long as such companies satisfy the requirements of the foreign laws in the listing jurisdiction outside of Israel which apply to companies incorporated in such jurisdiction in respect of the appointment of independent directors and the composition of the audit committee and compensation committee. Presently, we have an audit committee in place which composition complies with the listing requirements of the Companies Law, although we may elect in the future to rely on such exemption available to dual-listed companies with no controlling shareholder.

Our audit committee consists of Dr. Gili Hart, Dr. Elan Penn and Scott Burell. Dr. Penn and Mr. Burell possess accounting and financial expertise and are both audit committee financial experts as defined by the SEC rules, and all of the members of our audit committee have the requisite financial literacy as defined by the Nasdaq Listing Rules. All audit committee members are “independent” as such term is defined in Rule 10A3(b)(1) under the Exchange Act and under the Nasdaq Listing Rules.

Our board of directors has adopted an audit committee charter setting forth the responsibilities of the audit committee consistent with the rules of the SEC and the Nasdaq Listing Rules as well as the requirements for such committee under the Companies Law, including the following: